Sympathy and Pity Remain Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Compassion and Pity Remain Regular individuals are being convinced and constrained into doing things that aren't right and that they would prefer not to do. Does this imply they are an awful individual? Everybody controls their own activities and can have an independent perspective however here and there with simply a tiny smidgen of influence somebody can accomplish something that conflicts with their ethics. These individuals ought not be evaded from society since they are convinced effectively and others have sympathy and compassion towards them since they experience difficulty having an independent mind. In the play Macbeth, composed by William Shakespeare, Macbeth submits numerous enormous demonstrations all through the play, yet he despite everything appears to have the compassion and pity of the crowd. Macbeth experiences three witches that disclose to him predictions about the future that modify his activities later in the play such that he would have never thought was conceivable. He was drawn nearer by the three witches witch said to him, ?All hail, Macbeth! that shalt be King hereafter.?(W. Shakespeare, Act 1 Scene 3 line 50) Macbeth was informed that he would become King and he was astonished to the point that he got energized and now needed to become King more than anything on earth. When the witches put this idea in his mind he didn't need anything more than to offer this expression work out as expected in light of the fact that the idea that he could have total force caused him to perpetrate the wrongdoing of executing Duncan and having his spot as King. On the off chance that the witches had not disclosed to Macbeth that he would become King he could never have executed Duncan. Just as being informed that Macbeth would become King, the witches additionally disclosed to him that, ?for none of ladies conceived Shall hurt Macbeth,?(Act 4 Scene 1 Lines 80-81) this announcement from the witches revealed to Macbeth that any individual who was brought forth by a lady could hurt Macbeth. Macbeth took this announcement in the manner that he could never be crushed and that he didn't have anything to stress over. This prescience causes it to appear that Macbeth would be sheltered yet the witches fooled him into believing that. Macduff, the man who slaughters Macbeth, was not lady conceived in light of the fact that he was brought into the world through a c-segment. Macbeth accepted that nobody would have the option to overcome him however the witches deceived him and in a manner helped Macduff murder Macbeth since he was not anticipating that anybody should slaughter him. The witches deceived Macbeth and this causes the crowd to feel compassion toward him, as he was n ot hoping to be crushed. The witches, on all that they previously stated, additionally told Macbeth, ?Macbeth will never vanquish'd be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill Shall come against him.?(Act 4 Scene 1 Lines 92-94) This prediction given by the witches implies that until Birnam backwoods moves to Dunsinane, Macbeth will be protected. This announcement from the witches additionally has a two sided connotation. It appears to be entirely implausible for a woods to move, so once more, Macbeth isn't anticipating that anyone should have the option to expel his capacity from him. This prescience works out as expected when, a multitude of fighters covers up in Birnam Wood and when they move to Dunsinane they spread their numbers by utilizing branches and leaves from the backwoods. Macbeth feels that he will be protected accepting the witches and that a backwoods will never move yet it works out as expected and Macbeth was again deceived. These witches caused Macbeth to accept that he would be prote cted however at long last Macbeth was not prepared and murdered. Since Macbeth was not anticipating that anything should transpire compassion and pity will consistently be felt when considering Macbeth. Macbeth was an extraordinary warrior and officer however he was truly guileless and was not the most splendid individual. At the point when Macbeth heard that there was a huge number of troopers going to his château to murder him he imagined that he would be OK and that nobody could hurt him in light of what the witches let him know. We can see that since Macbeth knows there is ten thousand English fighters desiring him and he isn't terrified just shows that he isn't the most brilliant individual. Notwithstanding what he has done to make the fighters

Penn foster study guide Essay

Welcome to Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education! Weâ hope that this course will add as far as anyone is concerned and helpâ you structure new feelings about a subject in which you’reâ already interestedâ€educating little youngsters. KNOW YOUR TEXTBOOK Your reading material for this course is Foundations of Early Childhood Education: Teaching Children in a Diverse Settingâ by Janet Gonzales-Mena. It’s significant that you read theâ material in your course book and study until it’s completelyâ familiar to you. This is the material on which your assessments are based. The substance of the reading material is separated into three areas: Part 1â€Foundations of the Teaching-Learning Process: The Role of the Early Childhood Educator Part 2â€Foundations of Curriculum: Planning for Learning Part 3â€Foundations for Formal Education: Planning for Learning As you read the sections inside those parts, you’ll find the accompanying features: Chapter presentations, which give overviews Chapter plots, which recognize key topics Sections titled â€Å"In This Chapter You’ll Discover,† which give a rundown of things you ought to learn in the section  Marginal joins that associate key substance to the National  Association for the Education of Young Children earlyâ childhood program standards Your models ought to be portrayals of explicit episodes. For instance, a youngster may have had an issue separatingâ from a parent the day that you watched. You wouldâ describe precisely how the parental figure or instructor handledâ the circumstance and diverted the kid. Giving a generalâ description or giving brief instances of how the parental figure or instructor communicates with the all the kids in the room isn’t adequate for this piece of your outline. 3. What is the direction and order strategy utilized at theâ facility? Unmistakably clarify how trouble making is handled.â 4. What did you like best and least about the program? This some portion of your outline should express your perspectives ofâ the program. Examine three focuses you loved about theâ program and three focuses you didn’t like. Give explicit guides to outline each point. 5. What are a few recommendations for development? In this partâ of your report, examine a few manners by which you feel theâ quality of the program could be improved. What do youâ think should be possible distinctively that would better meetâ the needs of the youngsters in the setting? Keep in mind, evenâ the best condition can be improved. Rundown at any rate fiveâ suggestions for development. Make some other required corrections. Update the same number of times asâ you feel important, and afterward right your report for spelling and language structure. Your last accommodation ought to be composed in aâ 12-point text style with twofold separated arranging.

hide and seek COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

hide and seek COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you come looking for us and you cant find us; its because we have been temporarily relocated. The Admissions Office will be undergoing some repair work this summer so we will be temporarily relocated from the International Affairs Building (IAB) Room 408 to IAB 803/804 from July 18 to July 29.   If you decide to brave the heat and visit us in New York, we will be happy to meet with you (in an air conditioned space).   However, due to space constraints, you should try to plan your visit when we are back in our home suite, IAB 408. If you are already registered for this Fridays (July 19th) information session, please arrive at 12pm.   We will be set up for the session directly across the hall from 408.   If you are interested in attending one of our future information sessions, you may register on our website. This week you can also find us in Washington, D.C.   Come speak with admissions representatives and SIPA alumni at the  Summerfest 2013 event held at Johns Hopkins University, SAIS on Thursday, July 18th at 6:00 p.m.   If you cant make it to Summerfest on Thursday, an admissions representative will be at American Universitys Katzen Arts Center for the 11th Annual PPIA Public Service Expo on Friday, July 19th from 2:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. Looking forward to meeting you this summer.

A Brief History Of Gold Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4527 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Gold was first discovered as yellow shining pieces and it became the part of human culture. Its brilliance, natural beauty and luster, its great malleability and resistance to tarnish made it enjoyable to work with. Golds early uses were ornamental, and its brilliance and permanence linked it to deities and royalty in early civilizations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Brief History Of Gold Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Power, beauty and gold have always gone together. In ancient times, Gold was used to construct shrines, idols, plates, cups, vases and vessels of all kinds, and for sure, jewelry for personal adornment. Gold is dispersed throughout world which is why its discovery occurred to different nations and different locations of the world. Everyone who discovered gold was impressed with this metal because of its beauty, shinning and luster. With advancement of technology, iron and copper are the greatest contributions to mankind but in spite of the fact gold came first to human culture and economic progress of the nations. Working with gold is quiet easy when gold is in pure state. Gold was found in pure form wherever it was discovered whereas other metals tend to be found in some mixture. Early civilizations associated gold with their gods and rulers and gold became the sign of power and glory, beauty, and cultural elite. Same thinking about gold was found throughout the world. Arch aeologies suggest that Gold began to be used with the first known civilization in the Middle East. The oldest pieces of  gold jewelry that is Egyptian jewelry were found in the tombs of Queen Pu-abi and Queen Zer in Sumeria. These are the oldest examples found in any kind of jewelry. Most of the Egyptian tombs were raided during several centuries and it was found that tomb of Tutankhamen was not disturbed by modern archaeologists. Inside that tomb, huge collection of gold and jewelry was found. From these collections, there was a gold coffin which showed Egyptian craftsmanship and gold working. The Persian Empire (Its Iran now-a-days) frequently used Gold in artwork as part of their religion before conquest of Arabs in 7th century A.D. Persian goldwork is famous for animal art but after the conquest of the area by Arabians, the art was modified. As the Roman Empire was flourishing, the power of the state attracted talented Gold artisans who created numerous extraordinar y gold items. The Roman Empire began to expand the use of gold and designed household items i.e. kitchen stuffs and furniture for homes of the higher classes. Wearing gold necklaces became a beautiful trend in the Empire and by 3rd century AD the citizens of Rome used to wear necklaces with the picture of their emperor in it. Christianity spread through the European continent, and their culture as well as gold ornaments spread all over the continent. Before wide spread of Christianity, people buried gold with the dead people but this trend ceased with time and people began to collect gold in their churches. In America, people of Pre-Columbian cultures had advanced skills in the use of Gold before the arrival of the Spanish. Indian goldsmiths got most techniques their when the Spanish arrived. They were adept at granulation, filigree, pressing, hammering, inlay and lost-wax methods. The Spanish conquerors melted down and took back most of the gold from the peoples of this region. The greatest deposits, from whatever left, of gold from these times were in Andes and Columbia. During the frontier days of the United States, lot of discoveries of gold were made and news of discovery in a region resulted in settling a lot of people there, some risking their lives to find gold. Gold rushes occurred in many of the Western States. The most famous and prior discovery was in California at Sutters Mill in 1848. Other major discoveries were in Australia in 1851, South Africa in 1884 and Canada in 1897. This was the period of gold rush  when workers migrated to an area that had a dramatic discovery of  gold  deposits. These gold rushes took place in 19th century in various regions of the world. Top the list is Australia following Brazil. Major gold rushes also found in  Canada,  South Africa, United States and smaller gold rushes took place in some other different places. Top Gold Mining Countries: 2011 Top 10 Gold Producing Countries Tuesday October 16, 2012, 5:00pm PST By  Michelle Smith   Exclusive to  Gold Investing News The locations, where gold is mined, are diverse. It is produced in more than 90 countries and some of these countries are at the top of list. According to an estimate more than 1800 tons of the gold mined was among 10 countries in 2011. No single continent or its countries have earned the repute of mining highest gold of the world. Top ten countries are spread around the globe. Top 5 countries with their statistics are given below China: China can be named as nation of gold. It is not only the top consumer but also the top producer of this yellow metal. China has no risk of being removed from that number one place as its gold production was 355 tons in 2011. While the 2nd highest gold mining country is about 100 tons below. China National Gold Group claims to be the countrys largest producer, crediting itself with 20 percent of Chinas gold output. According to the US Geological Survey (USGS), China has 1,900 tons of gold reserves. Shandong is the leading province for gold production and within its boundaries Zhaoyuan, which  reportedly  produced over 28 tons of gold in 2011, is the top gold-producing city. Chinas official gold holdings are 1,054.1 tons or 1.7 percent of total foreign reserves. Australia Australias gold production rose in 2011 from the 261 tons reported in 2010. Though gold can be found across the nation, about two-thirds of its gold production comes from the state of Western Australia. That is where the world-class Super Pit at Kalgoorlie is located. Consisting of numerous mining operations, and once called the Golden Mile, this landmark site was converted into Australias largest open-pit mine and is owned by Newmont Mining (NYSE:NEM,TSX:NMC) and Barrick Gold (NYSE:ABX,TSX:ABX). Australia possesses about 11 percent of the worlds economic demonstrated resources of gold, according  to Geoscience Australia. The USGS reports Australias reserves as 7,400 tons. Gold is a leading exploration draw, ranking se cond in this category of expenditure. The yellow metal is also among the countrys top 10 exports, raking in about $14 billion per year. Australias official gold holdings are 79.9 tons or 9.3 percent of total foreign reserves. United States A rise in gold production in 2011 from 231 tons in 2010 marked the second consecutive annual increase in the US. A portion of last years increase is attributed to the restarting of mines in the states of Montana and Nevada. The vast majority of the gold produced in this nation comes from Nevada, home of the Carlin trend. Newmont has renowned operations in the region, including 14 open-pit mines and four underground mines that operate as an integrated unit, employing various processing methods. Mined production of gold in the US in 2011 was about $12.2 billion. The US has 3,000 tons of gold reserves. Official US gold holdings are 8,133.5 tons or 75.4 percent of total foreign reserves. The US has the largest official holdings in the w orld. Russia Russias gold production in 2011 rose by 8 tons from 192 tons mined in 2010. Though Russia is fourth in terms of production, the nation ranks second in explored reserves. According to the USGS, the nation has 5,000 tons of gold reserves. The nations most prolific gold regions are Siberia and the Far East. Polyus Gold International (LSE:POLG), which claimed the title of top producer in Russia in 2011, operates in both areas. Vitaly Nesis, CEO of Polymetal International (LSE:POLY), recently  said  that Russia has the best prospects for gold mining globally, but also said the industry is shackled. He blamed poor regulation for hampering development and production expansion. Russias official gold holdings are 936.7 tons or 9.6 percent of total foreign currency. Russia is the only nation on the top producers list with official gold purchases reported by the World Gold Council this year. Through August Russia bought 57.6 tons. South Africa Centered on the list is Africas top producer. From 2010 to 2011 production in this nation was virtually flat, rising a single metric ton, or 0.5 percent. Though South Africa is no longer the king of the gold-producing nations, it has the most gold resources as well as the worlds largest deposits (in Witswatersrand). The USGS places reserves at 6,000 tons. Still, the nations gold production has been on a downward slope for years. Through May, production declined over 10 percent compared to the same five-month period last year. Aggravating matters further in 2012, labor unrest has plagued the mining industry. Last month, about 39 percent of the nations gold  production  was halted by striking workers. South Africas official gold holdings are 125 tons or 13.4 percent of foreign reserves. Purity of Gold The purity of gold is expressed in carats, often abbreviated to ct or K in the USA and some other countries. Pure gold has a purity of 24 carats. Various other purities exist that are measured relative to 24 carats. These are summarised in the table below. Purity Gold content Fineness 24 carat gold 99+ 990 22 carat gold 91.6 916 18 carat gold 75.0 750 14 carat gold 58.5 585 9 carat gold 37.5 375 An alternative method of expressing purity is fineness. This expresses the purity of gold in parts per 1000. Gold may be alloyed with other metals such as silver, copper, zinc or silicon to produce purities less than 24 carat. Silver and copper and most commonly used alloying elements for gold. Pure gold is too soft to be able to be used for jewellery. The metal chosen as an alloying element my influence properties such as workability and color of the resultant gold alloy. The purity of the gold is marked onto jewellery by st amping or laser engraving. This acts a quality control stamp. Often this is done after the alloy is tested by a qualified testing laboratory or facility. Depending on which country the gold is produced, the caratage or fineness may be stamped into the item of jewellery. According to the International Hallmarking Convention, there is a no negative tolerance policy. This means that a gold alloy determined to consist of 749 parts of gold per 1000 would not qualify for a 750 quality mark. Methods used to assay or test the purity of gold include: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Inductively Couple Plasma Spectrometry (ICP) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  X-Ray Fluorescence ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Fire Assay ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ šÂ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Touchstone ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Electronic Pen ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Density Chemical and Physical Properties of Gold: Gold is not very hard; a knife can easily scratch pure gold and it is very heavy or even dense for a metallic mineral. Some of the other characteristics of gold are ductility, malleability and sectility, means it can be stretched into a wire, pounded into other shapes, and cut into slices. Gold is the most ductile and malleable element on our planet. It is a great metal for jewellery because it never tarnishes. The color and luster of gold are what make this metal so attractive. Gold is found as the free metal and in tellurides. It is widely distributed and almost always associated with pyrite or quartz. It is found in veins and in alluvial deposits. Gold also occurs in seawater in concentrations of 0.1-2 mg ton -1, depending on the location of the sample. In the mass, gold is a yellow-colored metal, although it may be black, ruby, or purple when  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ nely divided. One ounce of gold can be beaten out to 300 ft2 . Gold is a good conductor of electricity and heat. It is not affected by exposure to air or to most reagents. It is inert and a good re ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡ector of infrared radiation. Gold is usually alloyed to increase its strength. Pure gold is measured in troy weight, but when gold is alloyed with other metals the term karat is used to express the amount of gold present. Gold has an electrochemical potential which is the lowest of any metal. This means that gold in any cationic form will accept electrons from virtually any reducing agent to form metallic gold. It is the most electronegative of all metals, which once again con ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rms its noble character. Investment in Gold: Year Gold (USD/oz) Increase Percentage 1970 37 1980 590 1494.59% 1990 391 -33.73% 2000 273 -30.18% 2010 1,410 416.48% 1970 to 2010 net change,  %  1,373 3710.81% The biggest reason behind investment in gold is its price increase. From the table it is clear that, if we exclude the price increase in 1980 for a while, prices of gold are increasing sharply and returns seem to be higher than any other kind of investment. People thought investment in gold as hedge against inflation and investment in gold got popularity in 1980s when price increase was escalated. Nyiri studied gold prices in 1981. It was the period when gold prices rose sharply due to world-wide inflation. The researcher concluded that increase in gold prices is also due to increase in production costs due to opening of new mines in Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia  [1]  . Anyhow, due to this price increase, people are preferring investment in gold. Investment in physical gold is considered risky due to some factors of theft, save storage, resale problems etc. Also, policies of different countries discourage investment in physical gold because it has a substantial impact on reserve of a country. According to study, USA is the leading country with most gold stocks followed by Germany. USA has 75.5% of physical gold as part of its reserves  [2]  . Offering gold physically may attract international smugglers to trade gold. This problem is minimized by offering electronic trade in gold. Two broadly used methods available for investing electronically in gold are gold shares and gold bullion. Some studies show that gold shares are better than gold bullion as investment choice and traders should give priority to gold shares when they have choice between the two  [3]  . These days, following methods are available for investment in gold. Physical gold Investing in physical gold is the original form of investing in gold. Physical gold can be bought in the form of gold jewellery, numismatic coins or gold bullion. From an investment standpoint, bullion gold is preferable due to lower costs and higher liquidity (i.e. the gold can be sold easily at fair prices) than other forms of physical gold. Gold bullion is also available in two basic forms: Gold bullion bars and gold bullion coins, which can be legal tender in specific countries. The costs for smaller bars and coins are comparatively high. Its generally the case that the smaller a bar or coin is, the higher the costs are for refining and minting charged by the distributors. If gold bullion is stored privately, security concerns must be considered. Really safe private storage is expensive. Privately stored gold has the additional disadvantage of low liquidity. Investors who decide to sell gold bullion must arrange the sale at a fair price and may need to verify the pu rity of their gold. Vaulted gold, i.e. physical gold stored in professional vaults does have the disadvantages of privately stored gold. Vaulted gold is usually cost-efficient and provides a high liquidity. Gold backed securities Gold backed securities are indirect investments in gold. Gold ETF (Exchange Traded Funds) and gold investment funds both open ended or closed are securities that (depending on the specific product) are backed by physical gold. A security is a financial instrument that represents a value in case of gold backed securities the value of an underlying amount of gold. In the legal sense, an owner of a gold backed security does not directly own the underlying gold but only the security, which in turn certifies the right to the gold. While gold ETFs are funds, gold ETCs are only gold-backed bonds. That means, the holder of a gold ETC only has a claim against the issuer of the gold ETC and does not indirectly own physical gold through a fund, as with an ETF. Most gold ETCs are fully collateralized with gold, but still pose a potential counterparty risk to investors. In most cases, owners of gold-backed securities cannot request physical delivery of the gold. Costs of gold bac ked securities vary by product. Generally speaking, gold ETFs and gold ETCs are often cheaper than gold investment funds and mutual funds. Gold mining stocks and gold mining funds Gold mining stocks and gold mining funds are other forms of securities which allow investors some exposure to gold. Gold mining stocks and shares are not investments in gold but in gold mining companies. In effect, the gold price is just one factor that influences the price of gold mining stocks. Company-specific factors such as management, company-owned gold reserves, etc. also play an important role. Investments in a single gold mining stock are risky. An investment fund that invests in multiple gold mining stocks reduces risk for the investor. But as stated, gold mining stocks are not really investments in gold. Gold mining companies can go out of business and the stocks can lose all value. In contrast, physical gold can drop in value but will never become completely worthless or disappear. Non-backed gold securities Besides gold-backed securities like gold ETF and (some) gold ETC, there are also securities, whose value is derived from the gold price but which are not backed by physical gold. Examples for those securities are structured products and options. Structured products are based on derivatives, e.g. options. Structured products and options can pose significant risks to investors and are therefore generally not considered a suitable form of gold investment for retail investors. Structured products are basically obligations, thus, investors in such products bear the risk that the issure defaults on them (counterparty risk). Other forms of gold investments Gold accounts, gold certificates and gold trusts are additional forms of gold investment. The characteristics of those products vary widely from direct gold ownership to claims on gold or the price performance of gold with no real gold ownership. Electronic Trading in Gold (International/National Markets): Today, different markets offer trading in bullion gold electronically. London bullion market, NY Globex and NYComex are at top of the list. Some people think gold as a safe investment and this is why overall trading volume in gold is gradually on rise. These markets offer gold buying or selling of gold by using just 5-10% of original amount of gold. One can trade in gold for any interval of time. Some people are engaged in trading gold on daily basis, some on weekly basis and some on monthly basis. Volatility in gold market may lead to profits as well as losses. Various websites and softwares for trading in gold have been developed which can update user about prices every moment and make alarms etc. Pakistan Mercantile Exchange (PMEX): PMEX is the first electronic, web-based, demutualised commodity exchange of Pakistan. It is licensed and regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) and trades all types of futures contracts. It started nationwide operations in May 2007. The entity is owned fully by institutional shareholders, which include the National Bank of Pakistan; the Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad Stock Exchanges; the Pak Kuwait Investment Company; and the Zarai Taraqiati Bank. Some of the most commonly traded futures contracts in such commodity exchange are agriculture futures, livestock futures, metals futures, energy futures, weather futures, currency futures, interest rate futures and equity and index futures. At present, gold, oil and silver dominate trading at PMEX, but the exchange also deals in palm olien, rice, sugar, wheat and KIBOR futures. Over the last several years PMEX has established a strong footprint in managing and offering international commodities in t he Pakistan market ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  especially gold, silver and crude oil. This trend is expected to continue with the introduction of new products in the coming years. PMEX announced an increase of 671 % from last year. In terms of volume this amounts to Rs 490,515,367,875 in 2010ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ 2011 versus Rs 63,610,332,963 previous financial year. The increase in terms of number of lots 1,475,582 were also remarkable and stood at a 365% growth over the same period. Pakistan Mercantile Exchange Limited achieved the highest ever monthly trading volume of PKR 129 billion in the month of August 2012 with a total of 325,000 contracts traded. This is a record increase, crossing the previous high of June 2012 of PKR 119 billion. Economic factors that move the gold price: Several factors are responsible for fluctions in gold prices; some of these are give below. Central banks Central banks and the  International Monetary Fund  play an important role in the gold price. At the end of 2004  central banks  and official organizations held 19 percent of all above-ground gold as  official gold reserves. Centeral Banks may sell or buy gold according to their requirements and reserves, these buying and selling cause a direct influence on gold prices. For example, European central banks, such as the  Bank of England  and  Swiss National Bank, were key sellers of gold in 2009. Although central banks do not generally announce gold purchases in advance, some, such as Russia, have expressed interest in growing their gold reserves again as of late 2005. In early 2006,  China, which only holds 1.3% of its reserves in gold, announced that it was looking for ways to improve the returns on its official reserves. It is generally accepted that interest rates are closely related to the price of gold. As int erest rates rise the general tendency is for the gold price, which earns no interest, to fall, and as rates dip, for gold price to rise. As a result, gold price can be closely correlated to central banks via the monetary policy decisions made by them related to interest rates. Hedge against financial stress Gold, like all precious metals, may be used as a  hedge  against  inflation,  deflation  or currency  devaluation. The currencies of all the major countries are under severe pressure because of massive government  deficits. The more money that is pumped into these economies   the printing of money basically   then the less valuable the currencies become. If the return on bonds, equities and real estate is not adequately compensating for risk and inflation then the demand for gold and other alternative investments such as commodities increases. Jewelry and industrial demand Jewelry  consistently accounts for over two-thirds of annual gold demand. India is the largest consumer in volume terms, accounting for 27% of demand in 2009, followed by China and the USA. Industrial, dental and medical uses account for around 12% of gold demand. Gold has high thermal and electrical conductivity properties, along with a high resistance to corrosion and bacterial colonization. Jewelry and industrial demand has fluctuated over the past few years due to the steady expansion in emerging markets of middle classes aspiring to Western lifestyles, offset by the financial crisis of 2007-2010. In recent years the amount of second-hand jewelry being recycled has become a multi-billion dollar industry. Some companies have been offering good prices and fair services for their customers. However there are many companies that have been caught taking advantage of their customers, paying a fraction of what the gold or silver is really worth, leading to distrust in man y companies. Short selling The price of gold is also affected by various well-documented mechanisms of artificial  price suppression, arising from  fractional reserve banking  and  naked short selling  in gold, and particularly involving the  London Bullion Market Association, the United States  Federal Reserve System, and the banks  HSBC  and  JPMorgan Chase. War, invasion and national emergency When dollars were fully convertible into gold via the  gold standard, both were regarded as money. However, most people preferred to carry around paper  banknotes  rather than the somewhat heavier and less divisible  gold coins. If people feared their bank would fail, a  bank run  might result. This happened in the USA during the  Great Depression  of the 1930s, leading  President Roosevelt  to impose a  national emergency  and issue  Executive Order 6102  outlawing the hoarding of gold by US citizens. Weakening or Strengthening of Currencies: Strength of currency determines most of the above stated factors for gold price movements. Currency has a direct influence on gold prices. Since gold prices are fasten to US Dollar, so US Dollar has a direct influence on gold prices. Whenever USD strengthens, the price of gold moves down and vice versa. This movement due to USD usually takes no time. Weakening of USD may impact in fall in gold prices by $50/oz just in one second. There are further various statistics that influence currency of any country; some of these statistics are listed below Building permits CPI Crises/War Situation Existing Home Sales GDP Inflation Reports Manufacturing PMI Manufacturing Production Meeting minutes of any financial meeting Monetary Policy Statements New Home Sales PPI Public Sector Borrowing Retail Sales Speeches by Financial Ministers, central bankers, presidents Trade Balance Unemployment Claims Focus on Electronic Investors: Basic purpose of investors is profit, as huge as possible. Gold prices are sometimes speculated without any specific reason. These speculations are carried on just to attract investors. Investors keep an eye on everything that may lead the price of gold move up or down. Investors focus different economic factors of major countries. For example, Euro zone Crisis these days is a crucial issue for any kind of investors. Right move on the right time is the key to earn profits. But right move is rather difficult to find out. Right move is to buy gold when the price is about to rise and sell it when the price is about to decrease. No one can predict about this trend with 100% accuracy. Wrong move of trader may lead him to go bankrupt. Traders use different techniques and analysis to optimize their outcomes. Also with the knowledge of policy decisions and announcements, an investor should be expert in technical analysis of the prices. Technical Analysis: A method of evaluating securities by analyzing statistics generated by market activity, such as past prices and volume is known as technical analysis. Technical analysts do not attempt to measure a securitys intrinsic value, but instead use charts and other tools to identify patterns that can suggest future activity.Technical analysts believe that the historical performance of stocks and markets are indications of future performance. In a shopping mall, a fundamental analyst would go to each store, study the product that was being sold, and then decide whether to buy it or not. By contrast, a technical analyst would sit on a bench in the mall and watch people go into the stores. Disregarding the intrinsic value of the products in the store, the technical analysts decision would be based on the patterns or activity of people going into each store. Different softwares are now available in market to represent the results of various technical analyses. Some websites are also designed for the task. These softwares / websites calculate and shows graphs for each technical analysis each selected part of time (it may be second, minute, 5 minutes, 30 minutes etc) and generate buy or sell signals. Traders trade in gold or other commodities accordingly. Some of mostly used technicals are given below Trend Moving averages Commodity Channel Index Parabolic SAR Standard Deviation Oscillators Bears Power Bulls Power Momentum Force Index Stochastic Oscillator Moving Averages of oscillator Volumes Money Flow Index Accumulation Distribution On Balance Volumes Others/Custom RSI Alligator Awesome Zigzag Anyhow these technicals may generate abrupt results. Some technicals are used for specific conditions only. In addition, technicals are silent about expected profits.

CALL Use in the ESL/EFL Classroom

There has been much debate over the use of computer assisted language learning (CALL) in the ESL/EFL classroom over the past decade. As you are reading this feature via the Internet (and I am writing this using a computer), I will assume that you feel that CALL is useful to your teaching and/or learning experience. There are many uses of the computer in the classroom. As a teacher, I find that CALL can be successfully employed not only for grammar practice and correction, but also for communicative activities. As most of you are familiar with the programs that offer help with grammar, I would like to focus on the use of CALL for communicative activities. Successful communication learning is dependent on the students desire to participate. Im sure most teachers are familiar with students who complain about poor speaking and communication skills, who, however, when asked to communicate, are often reluctant to do so. In my opinion, this lack of participation is often caused by the artificial nature of the classroom. When asked to communicate about various situations, students should also be involved in the actual situation. Decision making, asking for advice, agreeing and disagreeing, and compromising with fellow students are all tasks that cry out for authentic settings. It is in these settings that I feel CALL can be used to great advantage. By using the computer as a tool to create student projects, research information and provide context, teachers can employ the computer to help students become more involved in the task at hand, thereby facilitating the necessity of effective communication within a group setting. Exercise 1: Focus on Passive Voice Generally, students coming from around the world are more than happy to speak about their native country. Obviously, when speaking about a country (city, state etc.) the passive voice is required. I have found the following activity using the computer to be of great assistance in helping students focus on the correct use of the passive voice for communication and reading and writing skills. Inductively review the passive structures in class (or introduce the passive structures)Provide a text example, focusing on a specific location, that includes many passive voice structuresHave students read through the textAs a follow-up, have students separate passive voice and active voice examplesUsing a program such as Microsoft Encarta or any other multimedia encyclopedia, (or the Internet) have students working in small groups find information about their own nation (or any city, state etc.)Based on the information they have found, students then write a short report together at the computer (using a spell check, communicating about formatting etc.)Students then report back to the class presenting their report created at the computer This exercise is a perfect example of involving students in an authentic activity that focuses on communication skills while at the same time including a grammar focus, and uses the computer as a tool. Students have fun together, communicate in English and are proud of the results they achieve - all ingredients for successful inductive learning of the passive voice in a communicative manner. Exercise 2: Strategy Games For younger learners of English, strategy games can be one of the most effective ways to get students to communicate, agree and disagree, ask for opinions and generally use their English in an authentic setting. Students are asked to focus on the successful completion of a task such as solving riddles (Myst, Riven) and developing strategies (SIM City). Choose a strategy game such as a SIM or mysteryHave students divide into teamsCreate a specific task in the game itself, such as the completion of a certain level, the creation of a certain type of environment, the solving of a specific riddle. This is important for providing a framework and specific language needs/goals for a common ground in the classroom.Have students complete the task.Have students come together in the classroom and compare strategies. Once again, students who find it difficult to participate in a classroom setting (Describe your favorite holiday? Where did you go? What did you do? etc.) generally become involved. The focus is not on their completing a task which can be judged as correct or incorrect, but rather on the enjoyable atmosphere of teamwork which a computer strategy game provides.

Culture Is A Learned Phenomenon Free Essays

Culture is a learned phenomenon that has both limiting and liberating effects. How do you think mass media messages received today help to shape our cultural views of attraction? How does our culture seem to define attractiveness of a woman and a man? Support your post with real life examples of media message that you found to be persuasive. Mass Media helps shape our view our views of attraction by the things we see every day from magazines to commercials. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture Is A Learned Phenomenon or any similar topic only for you Order Now The celebrities on the front of magazines are created to look perfect but in actual reality don’t. Their bodies eave been photo shopped to have more distinct features and to portray that perfect look. And in consequence people believe that is what beauty is and that’s what beauty should look like and then go on to believe that’s what they should kick like. What the media is doing is creating false beauty. Men are expected to look like Calvin Klein models, muscles, abs, and perfect hair. Women are expected to look like Victoria secret models, skinny, tan, and tall. And in this day and age if you don’t like something about yourself it is perfectly normal to get surgery to fix it. Ink in most of those situations he or she is getting something done to fix something it is to enhance something; to make their nose look slimmer or to go up a breast size or two. How to cite Culture Is A Learned Phenomenon, Papers

Stretching and Activity free essay sample

Copy and answer the following questions in a word processing document. * Be sure to save the assignment document to your Personal Fitness folder. * Be sure to save your work as 2_04. rtf. Assignment Questions Part I: Beginning the Activity 1. Choose an activity such as walking, running, aerobics, soccer, basketball, or rollerblading. What exercise activity will you participate in? Running 2. Why is the warm-up phase of your training program important? It will stretch each major muscle group which will be worked during the activity you are preparing for. Why is the cool-down phase of your training program important? Stretch all major muscles; focus on those that will have a large demand placed on them. 4. Identify areas of your body in which you have experienced muscle soreness due to vigorous activity. Legs and arms. Part II: Design a Warm-up for Your Personal Needs For each of the following, describe what you will do to prepare your body for the activity that you selected in Part 1, #1. We will write a custom essay sample on Stretching and Activity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aerobic exercise: Light jog, slow cycling, easy jump roping, side shuffles (running sideways without crossing your feet), skipping, and jogging backwards. Stretching (stretch all the major muscle groups used): ? Will involve static (still) stretches and/or dynamic (moving) stretches. * Static stretches involve stretching a muscle group as far as you can, without causing pain. Static stretches should be held thirty seconds for maximum effectiveness. * Dynamic stretches, another safe form of stretching, involves slow movements which stretch the muscle groups. Sport-specific exercise: Activities should mimic the movements you will do in the vigorous activity you are preparing for but are done at a lower level of intensity. Design a Cool-down for Your Personal Needs For each of the following, describe what you will do for your cool-down for the activity that you have selected. Aerobic activity: A slow jog around a field or court is one of the best ways to cool down. Stretching: Static stretch for 10 minutes after the light jogging, cycling, or walk. Recovery: Use the R. I. C. E. D. procedure to treat any sprains, bruises, or strains. Part IV: Practice What You Designed 1. Practice the warm-up you have designed. 2. Consider how the warm-up/cool-down made you feel. Did it help prepare you for the workout? What changes would you consider making for the next workout? Be prepared to discuss this information with your instructor in your Discussion-Based Assessment. It helped me prepare. I would change nothing. What I already I changed was great enough because of how well it made me feel. Part V: Skills and Performance 1. Think about an activity you participate in and explain how each of the skill-related components of balance, reaction time, agility, coordination, power, and speed can enhance your performance levels in that activity. If all the components are combined then you will get stronger, faster, and healthier.

Student feelings on school vio Essay Example For Students

Student feelings on school vio Essay Statement of PurposeThe purpose of this questionnaire is to measure the extent to which school staff and students agree with statements that sufficient measures to prevent school violence exist. Furthermore, it will reveal staff and student classifications in the areas of gender, whether the subject is a staff member or student, and the grade level if the subject is a student. Description of PopulationThis pilot survey was conducted by gathering responses from staff members and students at Flintville Junior High School in Flintville, Tennessee. Selecting every 10th name from a list of approximately 350 students created a random sample of 10% of the student body. If the 10th student was not available, the next name on the list was chosen. Almost all of the student questionnaires were used. Only one was not completed. In addition to the 10% sample of students, the entire teaching staff of the school was also asked to participate in the survey. Less than 70% of the staff returned completed questionnaires (17 out of 28). These were used and combined with the student results . We will write a custom essay on Student feelings on school vio specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Description of the QuestionnaireThe questionnaire was devised by creating three subtopics: security personnel, security equipment / methods, and feelings of security at different times of day in different locations. Subjects were asked to respond to five questions in each subtopic. The questions in the questionnaire were presented in the Likert-type question format:Example: I feel very secure with the presence of faculty members monitoring the halls between classes. 000 00SAAUD SDSubjects were instructed that SA = strongly agree, A = agree, U = undecided, D= disagree, and SD = strongly disagree. Subjects were asked to place an X in the box that most closely described the degree to which they agreed with the statement. Procedures for Scoring the QuestionnaireA numerical value was assigned to each answer. SA=5, A=4, U=3, D=2, and SD=1. Since each of the three subtopics consisted of five questions, there were a total of 15 questions on the questionnaire. Therefore, the total point value of each questionnaire was somewhere within the range of 15- 75 points. Checking ItemsMost of the questions in each subtopic were designed to have internal consistency. That is, they were stated in such a way as to yield similar responses from the respondent. However, for each subtopic, one statement was made to deliberately yield a different response. These items were used as checking items in each of the subtopics to insure that the respondents were paying close attention to their responses. For example, the following questions illustrate how four out of five statements are stated in such a way as to yield similar responses from the respondent. The fifth statement is made to deliberately yield a different response:1. Ice cream tastes very sweet. 000 00SAAUD SD2. Candy is very sweet. 000 00SAAUD SD3. Apple pie is very sweet. 000 00SAAUD SD4. Grape jelly is very sweet. 000 00SAAUD SD5. Lemons are very sweet. 000 00SAAUD SDIf a respondent was responding to statements 1-4 by using A (agree), and then responded to statement 5 with D (disagree), one could assume that the respondent was paying very close attention to the responses being made. However, if the response to statement 5 was also A(agree), it would be obvious that the respondent was not being careful with each response. For statistical purposes, if it is determined that the subject responded in such a way as to indicate consistency with the rest of his or her responses, the point value of the checking item would be inverted to show accurate representation, (i.e., SA would be changed to SD, A would be changed to D, U would remain the same, etc.). Items 13, 14, and 15 on this questionnaire were checking items and point values were inverted accordingly. .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 , .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 .postImageUrl , .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 , .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9:hover , .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9:visited , .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9:active { border:0!important; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9:active , .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9 .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u774fdcc56564fc3f85d51360aea67cb9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Online and Research Journalism EssayNotes of Special Interest Concerning Data FeedbackOf the 36 students that given questionnaires one students questionnaire was omitted due

Celebrate Elementary School Graduation

Celebrate Elementary School Graduation Elementary school graduation is a big deal. It celebrates all of the achievements your students have made thus far in school. Whether you call it graduation day, moving up day, or recognition day, this is a day to honor and celebrate your students moving on to middle school. Many school districts try and make this day special by holding graduation ceremonies to celebrate their students accomplishments. While this is a wonderful way to acknowledge students, their are other ways to recognize your students achievements, here are a few. Create a Journal Create a journal for each student in your class. This may take a little planning ahead of time but will definitely be worth it. Throughout the year have students write things they are thankful for, or what they want to accomplish by the end of the year. Also, ask their fellow classmates and teachers to write something nice about them. Then at the end of the school year, present them with their journals. Have a Parade A great way to recognize and honor your students moving up to the middle school is to have a parade. Students can make special t-shirts to wear and decorate the hallways. Moving Up Day Dance While dances are usually only in the middle and high school, they can be a fun way for elementary students to celebrate graduating. Plan a special dance for all of the students moving up to middle school and make sure to only play fast-paced, appropriate music! Create a Memory Photo Book Sites like Shutterfly make it very easy to create a photo book, and offer great deals on them, too. Make sure you take a lot of photographs throughout the year, so by the time your ready to create the photo book, you will have enough pictures. A Slideshow When you think of a slideshow you may think of the old school protector, but you can use the newest ​tech tools to achieve a flawless presentation that the students will not forget. The iPad and Smartboard are just two great examples of how you can achieve a great presentation of your students accomplishments. There are numerous apps, such as Proshow and Slideshow Builder that will allow you to create a great presentation for your class. Have a Field Day Plan a field day to celebrate students that are moving on to the middle school. Students can participate in fun activities, such as water balloon toss, relay races, and a baseball game. Have a School Picnic A picnic is the another fun way to celebrate your students achievements. Get out the school grill and have a cook-out, invite parents to join in, and ask students to wear the special graduation t-shirts they made. Give an Award Recognize academic achievement with an award. This can be done at the graduation ceremony. Reward your students with a special ceremony and give them certificates or trophies to recognize their academic achievements. Take an End of the Year Field Trip The best way to recognize all of your students well-deserved accomplishments is to take an end of the year  field trip. Some school districts have the funds for students to go as far as staying at a hotel for the night. If you are one of the those schools, you are very lucky. If you are not, then plan an end of the year field trip to a local amusement park where students can enjoy themselves. Buy a Student Gift Recognize students accomplishments with a gift. Fill a sand bucket with school supplies, bake a treat, give them a new book, or purchase a beach ball and write Hope you have a ball this summer.

Modern Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modern Architecture - Essay Example One of the latest styles of architecture that emerged in the 20th century is Modern architecture. Modern architecture can be best described as a style which believes that "Less is more". The major proponent of this style is Ludwig Mies van der Rohe which thought of the "Less is more" theme for modern architecture. Modern architecture is known for its rejection of the classical styles (historicism) and believes that the materials and functions of the objects used in the structure is the end all and be all of the structure. It also firmly applies the principle of industrial aesthetic and the concept of functionality over being ornamental. Unnecessary details are removed and all design aspects are streamlined ("Modern Architecture", 006a). "Less is more" emphasises that every part of the structure must have a purpose other than being ornate and that every part must compliment each other in terms of function. In modern architectural design, the overall from and aesthetic value of a structure is determined by its function and the materials it is made from. This should be done without reverting to classical design concepts. A structure, commonly a building is envisioned as a wide governing space that rests on delicate foundations and surrounded by walls and ceilings complementing the foundations rather than a chunk of rock and other materials. Modern architectural design is mostly based on industrial concepts and by modern art styles such as abstract and impressionism. Le Corbusier's book entitled Vers une architecture (1923, tr. 1927) is a very good source of inspiration for modern architectural styles as well as the writings of Dutch architect J. J. P. Oud and German architect Walter Gropius, who handled the design of the Bauhaus in Dessau. Other early proponents of the modern movement include: German architects such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Marcel Breuer, Ernst May along with Americ an architects Raymond Hood, Albert Kahn, Richard J. Neutra, William Lescaze, and George Howe ("Form and Materials." 2006).Modern architectural style is also known as 'International style', 'Neue Sachlichkeit', and 'functionalism' and has been around after the end of World War II. Modern architecture relies on modern materials, the principles of functionality and the rejection of historicism and everything that is purely ornamental ("Modern architecture." 2006b). early forms of modern architecture were seen in the 1900's, but modern architecture was not formalised yet. Those times saw the advent of simplified and functional structures that eventually became the signature of modern architecture. By the 1940's the characteristics of this style were identified and given the name 'International Style' which became the trend for most building styles in the twentieth century. Some historians think that modern architecture is a response of the society to 'Modernity' and further in to the so -called 'Enlightenment'. They view it as a result of all the social and political turmoil that happened during that period. Critics and architectural experts however view modern architecture as the natural path of architecture fuelled by the latest advancements in structural technology and development in engineering. Also the availability of modern materials such as Plexiglas, metal alloys concrete etc. drove

The Role of the Media in the Childhood Obesity Research Paper

The Role of the Media in the Childhood Obesity - Research Paper Example Obesity has now become a worldwide issue due to its increasing rise and the risks that it poses. It is a very common condition in the United States with two third of the population of United States suffering either from obesity or increased weight and approximately one-third of the population being obese according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Weight Control and Information Network 2010). In the UK, the Health Survey for England in the year 2008 presented that 24.5% people above the age of 15 were suffering from obesity. The same survey showed that the rate of obesity between the ages of 2 and 10 years was 13.9% (Department of Health 2009). It has been estimated in the United States of America that the rate of obesity in children has increased more than thrice in the past three decades (Laing 2010). Obesity in America is a growing epidemic. Childhood obesity in America has become such an important issue that it has been addressed by the first family in effo rts to combat obesity in America. With rising attention from important figures, it is the media’s turn now to draw the line and aid the youth in America by promoting healthy lifestyle choices and a clear representation of healthy people. Obesity carries with it a potential risk for the development of other disease states. It can lead to cardiovascular diseases which include hypertension, coronary heart diseases, and stroke. It increases the risk of certain cancers which include breast, colon and prostate cancers. It can lead to insulin resistance within the cells hence leading to diabetes mellitus. And it also affects the musculoskeletal system of a person by increasing the risk of osteoarthritis due to the increased weight burden on the joints. The respiratory system can also be affected with a person having difficulty in breathing while sleeping. An obese individual is also prone to develop metabolic syndrome.

Theories of False Memories and Confessions

Theories of False Memories and Confessions Introduction Essentially, the memorization procedure is a compound formula, into which the human mind feeds general knowledge, contextual data—both present and past, and alternate memories (Hyman and Loftus, 2008). It is through the manipulation of such alternatives that criminologists have found that mental frailties and internal collapses allow for coercion and extraction of false memories and confessions. Ultimately, the expansive nature of this field governs the application of misrepresentation and misguidance within clinical participants, thereby affecting children through elders, each attuning different mental perspectives to the acceptance of false memories. Yet the motivations behind such influence are what continue to influence the scope of investigation, challenging researchers and professionals to interpret their data sets according to the prescription of theory and study guidelines. The mistake in this approach, as evidenced in the following analyses is directly aligned with th e diverse nature of the mind itself. Ultimately, mental frailties and personal differences affect the capacity for false memory acquisition, thereby altering the translatability of such a broad range of clinical trials. The reality of memory is that it is a function of lifestyle variables, influenced by emotion, participation, and repression, and oftentimes an overwhelming need to misdirect. Therefore, as researchers pursue the truths behind coercion and acceptance of false occurrences, alternative variable including environment, social and emotional affectation, and experiential bias must be considered. The foundation of criminology is a factual evisceration within a guarded and oftentimes obscured meandering of inconsequential details and coincidences. In order to functionally apply these theories to the study of false memories and confessions, criminologists must identify those variables which are irrelevant and those which directly alter the capacity for appropriate source monitoring and coding. Analysis The following sections identify the relevant theories within the field of false memories and confessions, thereby highlighting the idiosyncrasies which differentiate theory from field results. Given that the study of memory error and falsification has evolved across a broad spectrum of participants and studies, conflicting results do arise requiring researchers to further extrapolate those foundations which can provide a much more derisive prescriptions and analyses. Ultimately, the foundation for false memories derives from situational, contextual, emotional, and suggestible phenomena, each contributing to the failure of internal memory control mechanisms such as codification and source monitoring. Photographs and Events From a clinical perspective, research on false memories is most often conducted through the use of a broad range of participants and photographic or event based suggestions. As researchers note that false memories evolve from varied institutions and scenarios, the internment of such representations within a patient’s mind is directly related to acceptance, context, and ascription (Wade, et al., 2002). To access these variables within the respondent’s mind, researchers will offer them a suggestive false memory, one which when appropriately directed can become a legacy memory, vivid and real in every detail. While these steps remain the foundation of false memory research, the reality is that variables interned within the participant’s cognitive capabilities are actually responsible for the assumptive application. Attribution to a personal experience, or in other words, personal implantation evolves from the coercive factors including context, social, and emotional influences. Hyman and Loftus (1998) highlight an internal assumptive nature within humanity in which photographs are ascribed a credibility, one which is unequivocally reliable and deemed a perpetual representation of emotional encapsulation. Yet this expectation is unreliable unless the participant is both open to suggestion and primed by internal mechanisms, including experiential relevance. A study exploring the affect of doctored images and their reliability in memory coercion conducted by Wade et al. (2002) determined that from a criminology standpoint, the potential for misrepresentation through image doctoring is both real and applicable. Coercion of defendants in a controlled setting through photographic manipulation is an effective mode of generating acceptance of placement, criminal activity, and actions. What must be further exploited, however, is the fact that simply placing a person’s face or figure into a crime scene and then attempting to convince them of its validity is no t an effective, nor internally translatable process. In fact, the photographic qualities themselves are not typically the determining factor in a confession. Situational relevance, environmental variables, and the scope of punishment will oftentimes result in false memory generation under the constraint of suggestive photographs or other evidence. However, in particular studies, where suggestion of validity is enhanced by familiar figures, the capacity to accept its reliability become substantially enhanced (Wade, 2002). In fact, researchers have highlighted that when coupled with vivid memories of childhood events, images can couple with imagination to produce effective pseudomemories (Lindsay et al., 2004). Remarkably, the infusion of both imagination and belief enhance the acceptance of the photograph, thereby evoking a memory which is directly aligned with perceived experience. In truth, experience is then created through mental approbation, enhancing the respondent’s rec ognition of reality and falsifying a lasting memory. Historically, studies have represented the nature of false memory as both contextually and temporally derived, exploiting both age and socio-economic background to attempt to identify those variables which most encourage falsified representation (Bruck et al., 2002; McFarlane et al., 2002; Jones and Powell, 2005). Unfortunately, the explanation for the enhanced falsification at later temporal dates is limited by the scope of experimental constructs, evading those intricacies which most influence childhood interpretation, including environment, experience, and emotional affectation. Regardless of enhanced detail offered by children in relation to false scenarios, the underlying implications demonstrate that internalisation of imagery and detail from prior interviews is directly related to the deviance from actual events. Therefore, future studies must exploit the aforementioned variables to determine how situational memory and influence directs the internalisation of false memories. I n scenarios where sexual abuse is purported, the emotional ties and suggestive influence of the psychologist will oftentimes evoke a false memory which leads to a criminal conviction. Accusers have been known to manufacture their charges through internalised responses to suggestive event or photographs, thereby combining emotion and coercion into a false singular incidence. Encoding and Imagination Much of the research surrounding false memories and false confessions evolves from controlled clinical scenarios through which respondents are subjected to either a suggestive memory or control memory. Researchers note that regardless of age, the reflective process through which subjects engage in encoding suggestions or artificially induced memories influences the depth of misattribution and internment (Zargoza and Lane, 1994). These background motivations remain obscured, thereby limiting the clinical professional’s ability to appropriately interpret results on a deeper and more prescriptive level. One affectation within this realm of study evolves from a Freudian concept of childhood amnesia, through which memories prior to age eight are likely to be lacking in depth and clarity. From this assumption, studies have determined that children are similarly susceptible to acquisition of false memories and imposition of misinformation as a perceived reality within the amnesic per iod as they are after its inception (Strange et al., 2008). Therefore, the nature of false memory association is both temporally and contextually relevant, enhanced by ineffective source monitoring as well as improper codification of misinformation. The ability to correctly identify the source of particular information, whether through memory or suggestion, and interpret it into a memory or external data is oftentimes limited by a cognitive or mental failure or frailty (Johnson et al., 1993). Specificity in questioning when interviewing children or adults will oftentimes dictate the direction of the response. Exemplary of such behaviour, studies relating to children and their memory of physical examination or improper groping have demonstrated that sensitivity to interviewer demands, including the formality of the setting and length of the interview, can lead to inaccurate responses (Bruck et al., 2000). Given that methods of encoding alter on a temporal level, one which evolves throughout maturation, false memories and confessions evolve out of a situational relevance, one which is both contextually and personally linked to the participant. Over longer periods of time, Huffman et al. (1997) determined that the efficacy of an instilled false memory can become altered, oftentimes diminishing or erasing the memory altogether. Helpful in recognising the frailty of false memories, imagination studies, specifically those in which respondents are proposed a false memory and asked to internalize its occurrence, have determined that through suggestion and personal codification that participants could come to believe that they had experienced a particular occurrence (Hyman and Pentland, 1996; Mazzoni and Memon, 2003). Yet in both of these clinical instances, the depth and substance of the memory is temporally altered when participants are removed from the clinical setting. Therefore, the enco ding process, an internalisation of both environment and suggestion, is directly related to the influence of the studies themselves, reducing their reliability of findings. Ultimately, the mental failures which result in false memories evolve as a collusion of personal susceptibility, relevance, and environment. Laney et al. (2008) demonstrated that there can remain a long term persistence of false memories, continuing to affect the participant. The reality is that external from the clinical setting, the impetus to maintain such falsification becomes reduced and the overall affects of the false memories are thereby minimized. Under normal circumstances, the mind will retrace, realigning false memories with more appropriate legacy, yet these studies do not evaluate longer term implications of such imagery and understanding. Similarly, as emotionally charged influences will oftentimes linger at a much more deep seeded level, researchers must pursue appropriate analysis which is direct ly aligned with such memory impetus. Emotional Influence Perhaps the strongest mental affectation of false memories and their long term implantation evolves from the level of emotional connection which participants encounter during a particular study. Emotional influence in memory can substantially alter the representation of a witnessed scene, oftentimes directed through a misinformation filter by interviewers to prescribe altered data to a witness testimony (Porter et al, 2003). The capability to control such emotional connections is increasingly strong the more relevant to the participant the scenario becomes. Had a witness been sexually abused as a child, the coercive capabilities of an investigator in an abuse case would become substantially magnified, enabling direction and suggestion to overwhelm fact and visual memory. The overwhelming affect of misleading questions on eyewitness testimony and remembrance has been demonstrated through clinical evidence to encourage participants to acclimate towards the distinctions of the questioni ng process as opposed to those realities of the actual scene (Porter et al, 2003). Such manipulation relies on the emotional influence of memory and the internal components which link a witness or defendant to a particular incidence. Testimony or discussions involving false memories will oftentimes assume similar levels of emotionality as those which actually occurred. The emotional response, triggered experientially and representing composite cognition over a lifetime of emotional interactions, will oftentimes become evoked through the processes of remembrance, leading to the installation of false memories, regardless of actual occurrence (Laney and Loftus, 2008). Witnesses will assume the same victimisation of the actual victims, thereby imposing their emotional responses on the factual nature of their memory. In cases of criminal activity, emotional connections to a particular incidence, when coupled with the gruelling interview process will oftentimes lead defendants to falsify their testimony, accepting suggestion as fact, rather than adhering to the situational truth. Loftus (1995) recognized that in clinical or trial settings, that frailties within the examination process themselves will oftentimes influen ce the outcome of a participant’s response. Exemplary of this belief, the nature of coercion, and oftentimes, the semantic limitations of suggestive variables can oftentimes influence the respondent to agree with interviewers or alter their personal beliefs to match those which must be right by basis of subtractive analysis. If a child were to claim that they had been abused and the investigator then asked leading questions regarding location, method, and culpability, the child will oftentimes pursue an emotionally charged affirmative approach, thereby aligning with the investigator rather than the factuality of the event (Bruck et al., 2000). It is this form of false memory which is most damaging within the criminal justice system, thereby undermining validity measures and institutional protection mechanisms. Criminals who are emotionally coerced through threat of loss or overwhelming pressure will oftentimes confess under duress as a direct result of the interrogation. A form of constructivist ideology, as outlined by Hyman et al. (1995) exploits the nature of experiential influences over false childhood memories, thereby linking the breadth of supportive detail to the adult’s more subverted knowledge of abuse and emotionality linked to negative stimuli. Unfortunately, the depth of this study does little to substantiate credible interpretation to this cause, redressing the innate social reactivity which respondents concurrently integrated into their memory responses. Therefore, the coincidental nature of general experience and its supposed influence over false memories must be expanded to include qualifications of social and personal bias, each which when coupled with false memories would contribute to the detailed exploration of falsified events. Alternate studies have explored this theory more in depth, highlighting the semantic nature of pre-existing concepts or objects when explored through presupposed personal experiences (Koutstaal, et al., 2001; Koutstaal et al, 2003). Such studies determined that semantics influence older participants to a much greater level, thereby exacerbating the incidence of false memories when considered at a more colloquial level. Were such results coupled with those of Hyman et al. (1995), a more distinctive conclusion could be drawn from which researchers could pursues the underlying social composites which influence and activate both positive and negative memories. What would most likely be found is that a heightened emotional response, specifically one captured within a false memory, is indicative of regressed personal affectation by the incidental actions within a particular scenario. Therefore, researchers might uncover the personally generated codification which internally activates improper sensory processing and ascribes validity to erroneous memories. Coercion and False Confessions Perhaps one of the most widely debated applications of false memory protocol evolves from the need to prosecute, and thereby, coerce a powerful confession from accused defendants. Interrogation and deception are often methods of acquisition, and in certain cases, the pressure of such applications results in false or coerced confessions from which a jury and judge may prosecute (Wakefield and Underwager, 1998). Yet the nature of analysis for such falsifications is oftentimes flawed, actively pursuing the environmental variables which most overwhelm the defendant and their incidental memory as opposed to those underlying personal memory failures and sentiments which most directly influence the need to admit guilt. Researchers Kassin and Kiechel (1996) highlight that similar to those false memories exhibited by misinformed children, defendants under the pressures of interrogation are more likely to confess, internalize, and construct personal detail directly related to a crime they may not have committed. Emotional commitment such as guilt, fear, pride, and frustration will a play varied roles within the coercion process, oftentimes encouraging the unwanted effect of false testimony. Researchers have also determined that in scenarios where heightened social pressure, i.e. the interviewer/psychologist expectations, can influence both confessor and retractor, thereby directing their memories into a falsely coerced state (Ost, et al., 2001). The nature of the interrogation room, a blank slate with little stimulus is one such factor in overwhelming the defendant’s nerve and capacity for subterfuge. Similarly, the investigator’s temperament, the temporal burdens, and the nature of the crime itself will also contribute to extracting a confession. False confessions are oftentimes the product of improper source monitoring, as the interrogators and data stream can evoke a deeply seeded confusion through which event sequences evolve as though in a hazy dream (Wakefield and Underwager, 1998). False memories arise as an inaccurate coding of the information source, an internalisation of the incident as opposed to relinquishing the data stream as an externally fo unded scenario (Hyman and Loftus, 1998). Over time and pressure, defendants will interpret the misinformation within a revised codification, one in which they believe that they actually perpetrated the crime, regardless of guilt. It is this mental block and source alteration which ascribes personal qualities to the criminal activity, thereby coercing a confession. Essential to the functioning of the legal system, those who are wrongly convicted and later released based upon such coercion or malignant testimony will oftentimes find adjustment within normal social limits an impossibility (Shore, 2001). Coercion tactics are designed to evoke a form of control bias, one which places the defendant at a significant disadvantage, and in oftentimes frightening and overwhelming circumstances (Perskey, 2000). Although researchers have considered intelligence and alternative social modifiers as significant influences within an interrogative setting, there is limited support for differentiation of false testifiers on the basis of IQ differences and results are instead linked to internal suggestibility indicators (Gudjonsson, 1991). One question which has not been adequately answered by such research, however, is whether or not intelligence coupled with experiential preparation might undermine the coercive effects of the investigation room. The ability to withstand the pressure and suggestive messaging of the investigative authority figure is a function of several constructs including innocence, experience, fear, authoritative rejection, and many others. All of these variables are directly li nked to the cognitive control measures which reject the false memories or false confession. Influence within the interrogation room can often evolve from stimuli outside of the interrogator’s locus of control, including predefined experience as well as the withdrawal and detoxification from alcohol and illicit substances. One study determined that withdrawal characteristics substantially impair the cognitive abilities of a defendant and enhance suggestibility, oftentimes leading to misleading statements or false confessions due to the possibility of short term gains (Gudjonsson, 1993; Gudjonsson et al., 2002). The need to escape the constrictive confines of the interrogation room, coupled with a need to acquire addictive elements will oftentimes allow the defendant to reduce their internal protective mechanisms and through an expectation of gain, acquiesce to the coercion. On the other hand, long term experience within the criminal field will negatively influence the coercion practices utilized in standard interrogation. Therefore, criminologists will oftentimes empl oy alternative methodology specifically designed to access the regressed emotional block associated previous incarceration experiences, as well as present an expectation of leniency or freedom given the acceptance of confession or presentation of alternatives. Again, as with substance abuse, the emotional commitment to goal acquisition will enhance the internalisation of investigative presentation, oftentimes coercing a confession by nature of the expected benefit. Conclusion As recanting has become a principle mode of overturning a confession in the modern court system, the investigative approach assumed by criminal professionals has evolved to assume a much more Freudian zeal. Given the depth of mental deviance between participants within this vast field, the potential for coerced confessions and false memories is blatantly obvious, unfortunately, the numerous investigations and clinical trials have yet to yield a worthy prescription of authority on this issue. While assumptive reasoning can discern those cases in which convicts were coerced and forced into a premature confession, the numerous recants and overturned cases have led the industry to remain wary and protective of any form of premature adjudication. Ultimately, the internal mechanisms which drive false memories into a believable reality are expansive and oftentimes linked to variables within a criminal mind that cannot be appropriately analyzed without deep psychological evaluation. The nature of false memory is one which can be manipulated both for virtuous and derogatory efforts, a weapon in the arsenal of the criminal investigator. Unfortunately, identifying when a codified suggestion has errantly become a mode of confession for an innocent defendant is a difficult and painstaking task. As theorists attempt to derive methods for applying such falsifications to their patients, they are rejecting the need for recognition protocol. It is through the identification of discrepancies and storyline vagrancies that criminologists can actively pursue the appropriate perpetrators and reject a coerced confession from those who are overwhelmed by interrogation and suggestion. Source monitoring and the nature of authority in the criminal justice system are conflicting mechanisms of memory alteration, each influencing the participant’s internalisation while investigators actively pursue their results. Too often does the system become enamoured with the conviction, t hereby rejecting the truth in favour of exploitative techniques. It is through the investigation of factually founded memories and the application of appropriate research that criminal experts will eventually retain their culprits. References Bruck, M; Ceci, S.J; Francoeur, E. (2000) Children’s Use of Anatomically Detailed Dolls to Report Genital Touching in Medical Examination: Developmental and Gender Comparisons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6, (1), 74-83. Bruck, M; Ceci, S; Hembrooke, H. (2002) The Nature of Children’s True and False Narratives. Developmental Review, 22, 520-554. Huffman, M.L; Crossman, A.M; Ceci, S.J. (1997) Are False Memories Permanent? An Investigation of the Long Term Effects of Source Misattributions. Consciousness and Cognition, 6, 482-490. Gudjonsson, G. (1991) The Effects of Intelligence and Memory on Group Differences in Suggestibility and Compliance. Personality Individual Differences, 12, (5), 503-505. Gudjonsson, G. (1993) Confession evidence, Psychological Vulnerability, and Expert Testimony. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 117-129. Gudjonsson, G; Hannesdottir, K; Petursson, H; Bjornsson, G. (2002) The Effects of Alcohol Withdrawal on Mental State, Interrogative Suggestibility and Compliance: An experimental Study. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 13 (1), 53-67. Hyman, I.E; Husband, T.H; Billings, F.J. (1995) False Memories of Childhood Experiences.†Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 181-197. Hyman, I.E; Loftus, E.F. (1998) Errors in Autobiographical Memory. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 933-947. Hyman, I.E: Pentland, J. (1996) The Role of Mental Imagery in the Creation of False Childhood Memories. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 101-117. Johnson, M.K; Hashtroudi, S; Lindsay, D.S. (1993) Source Monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114 (1), 3-28. Jones, C.H; Powell, M.B. (2005) The Effect of Event Context on Children’s Recall of Non-Experienced Events Across Multiple Interviews. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 10, 83-101. Kassin, S.M; Kiechel, K.L. (1996) The Social Psychology of False Confessions: Compliance, Internalization, and Confabulation. Psychological Science, 7, 125-128. Koutstaal, W; Reddy, C; Jackson, E.M; Prince, S; Cendan, D.L; Schacter, D.L. (2003) False Recognition of Abstract Versus Common Objects in Older and Younger Adults: Testing the Semantic Categorization Account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29 (4), 499-510. Koutstall, W; Schacter, D.L; Brenner, C. 92001) Dual Task Demands and Gist-Based False Recognition of Pictures in Younger and Older Adults. Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 399-426. Laney, C; Fowler, N.B; Nelson, K.J; Bernstein, D.M; Loftus, E.F. (2008) The Persistence of False Beliefs. Acta Psychologica, 129, 190-197. Laney, C; Loftus, E.F. (2008) Emotional Content of True and False Memories. Memory, 16, 5, 500-516. Lindsay, D.S; Hagen, L; Read, D; Wade, K.A; Garry, M. (2005) True Photographs and False Memories. Psychological Science, 15 (3), 149-154. Loftus, E.F. (1995) Memory Malleability: Constructivist and Fuzzy-Trace Explanations. Learning and Individual Differences, 7 (2), 133-137. Mazzoni, G; Memon, A. (2003) Imagination Can Create False Autobiographical Memories. Psychological Science, 14 (2), March,186-188. McFarlane, F; Powell, M.B; Dudgeon, P. (2002) An Examination of the Degree to Which IQ, Memory, Performance, Socio-Economic Status, and Gender Predict Young Children’s Suggestibility. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 7, 227-239. Ost, J; Costall, A; Bull, R. (2001) False Confessions and False Memories: a Model for Understanding Retractors’ Experiences. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 12 (3), 549-579. Perske, R. (2000) Deception in the Interrogation Room: Sometimes Tragic for Persons with Mental Retardation and Other Developmental Disabilities. Mental Retardation, 532-537. Porter, S; Spencer, L; Birt, A.R. (2003) Blinded By Emotion? Effect of the Emotionality of a Scene on Susceptibility to False Memories. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 35 (2), 165-175. Shore, P. (2001) Resettlement Needs of the Wrongly Convicted. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 12 (3), December, 487-490. Strange, D; Wade, K; Hayne, H. (2008) Creating False Memories for Events That Occurred Before Versus After the Offset of Childhood Amnesia. Psychology Press, 16 (5), 475-484. Wade, K.A; Garry, M; Read, J.D; Lindsay, D.S. (2002) A Picture is Worth a Thousand Lies: Using False Photographs to Create False Childhood Memories. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 9 (3), 597-603. Wakefield, H; Underwager, R. (1998) Coerced or Nonvoluntary Confessions. John Wiley and Sons. Zargoza, M.S; Lane, S. M. (1994) Source Misattributions and the Suggestibility of Eyewitness Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 934-935.

Compare handmaids tale and 1984 Essay

In The Handmaid’s Tale Margaret Atwood puts across the sense of mystery, things that were once there but are no more. She talks about ‘the pungent smell of sweat, shot through with the sweet smell of chewing gum and perfume’ which came from the girls who once watched the basketball matches that were ‘formally played there’. In the first section of this book we get the feeling that the character is quite lost, lost in what once was and not in the here and now. She tells us about the dances that ‘would have been held there’ and the lingering music that she could still hear very faintly. We get the feeling that this women has very little, no personal belongings, no wealth; nothing. The fact that the women in this building were not even allowed to exchange names tells the reader that this is some kind of prison, the women have no freedom they are constantly being watched by the ‘Angels’ likewise in Nineteen Eighty-Four written by George Orwell there is a significant similarity between the ‘Angels’ in The Handmaid’s Tale and the Posters in Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Angels watch over the women and in Nineteen Eighty-Four the poster which is described as a ‘one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move.’ Watch over everyone who passes by it. Beneath it the caption read ‘BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU’ giving off the impression that someone, somewhere is watching this middle aged man. The man described on the poster some might say could only be the description of Hitler; ‘a man of about forty-five, with s heavy black moustache and ruggedly handsome features’ Winston also tells us that the posters were ‘plastered everywhere’ also revealing, like The Handmaid’s Tale that nowhere is safe. Adding to this is the telescreen, which cannot be switched off again may be a sign that someone or something is always watching you, and that you are never alone. Both the Angels and the Posters in these books are very intimidating figures or ‘objects of fear.’ The Angels did not look or talk to the women just stood with their backs to them to show domination. Correspondingly the ‘enormous face, more than a metre wide’ plastered on the walls with the eyes that followed you when you move is also seen as a sign of domination. The two figures show signs of both aggression and great importance, the fact that the Angles will not talk or look at the women tells us that they are  seen as more significant than them. In addition to this the fact that there are so many of these posters and the fixating look on the enormous face also shows great discomfort and stress.

Sustainable Tea at Unilever

rP os t 9-712-438 REV: DECEMBER 21, 2011 REBECCA M. HENDERSON FREDERIK NELLEMANN Sustainable Tea at Unilever op yo To survive and prosper over the long term, learn how to adapt your business model by making it servant to society and the environment. Not the other way around. — Paul Polman, CEO, Unilever In 2010 Unilever announced its commitment to a new â€Å"Sustainable Living Plan†, a document that set wide-ranging company-wide goals for improving the health and well-being of consumers, reducing environmental impact, and, perhaps most ambitiously, sourcing 100% of agricultural raw materials sustainably by 2020.Such a goal implied a massive transformation of a supply chain that sourced close to 8 million tons of commodities across 50 different crops. Unilever CEO Paul Polman believed that the company’s ambitious goals could drive savings, product innovation, and differentiation across the company’s portfolio of products. But more importantly, it would cre ate a company better suited to survive in the future which Polman envisaged: tC This is a world that is challenged. When you look at the interdependent challenges that we face on food security, poverty reduction, sustainability f resources, climate change, and social, economic, environmental development, these challenges have never been greater. And I believe that these pressures will only increase as 2 billion more people enter this world and many aspire to increase their living standards. 1 No The changes happening at Lipton, Unilever’s â‚ ¬3. 5 billion tea brand, were an important cornerstone of Unilever’s plan. For over five years, Michiel Leijnse, the global brand director for Lipton Tea, and the Unilever Procurement team had led the transformation of the Lipton brand and its supply chain towards a goal of 100% sustainable sourcing.Approximately 25% of all Unilever tea now came from Rainforest Alliance Certified farms and real gains had been made in the social, environmental and economic sustainability of tea production. The scale of Unilever’s mainstream partnership approach was unprecedented in the beverages industry, where â€Å"ethical† brands had failed to grow beyond niche market positions. Unilever’s goal was to have all of the tea in Lipton teabags sourced from Rainforest Alliance Certified farms by 2015, and to have every kilogram of Unilever tea sustainably sourced by 2020.Michiel Leijnse was confident that these goals could be achieved but the business faced two critical issues as they worked to make them a reality. Do The first issue was how Unilever could transform a supply chain that was not only geographically very diverse but also highly fragmented. Unilever bought tea from all producing regions, and in many markets the majority of production was contro lled by smallholders who sold their tea at open auctions.Unilever and the Rainforest Alliance had successfully certified Unilever’s own tea esta tes ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Professor Rebecca M. Henderson and Research Associate Frederik Nellemann (MBA 2011) prepared this case. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright  © 2011, 2012 President and Fellows of Harvard College.To order copies or request permission to reproduce material s, call 1-800-5457685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to www. hbsp. harvard. edu/educators. This publication may not be digitized, photocopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School. This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Sustainable Tea at Unilever rP os t 712-438 nd those of many large plantations, but the firm now faced the increasingly difficult task of convincing smallholders in markets across the world of the benefits of changing agricultural practices and pursuing Rainforest Alliance certification. India, for example, was a major tea producer and consumer, but the small scale of many of the farms and the nature of local farming practices made certification a significant challenge. What should Unilever do in such markets? Should Unilever hold fast to Rainforest Alliance certification or instead work to implement incremental change through standards better suited for Indian practices?How could they persuade hundreds of thousands of smallholders to adopt new farming methods in market s where most tea production and consumption was local and Unilever was far from the dominant buyer? op yo The second issue was whether and how Unilever could gain market advantage from its move to sustaina ble tea. While the adoption of Rainforest Alliance certification appeared to have led to market share growth in some Western markets, it was not clear either that this would continue or that the concept of a sustainability message would resonate with consumers in developing markets like Turkey, India, or Russia.How should Unilever market its sustainability efforts in emerging markets? Beyond these two key issues several other smaller but also potentially important questions also consumed Unilever’s attention. The Unilever Sustainable Living Plan committed the company to sourcing 100% of all agricultural raw materials sustainably by 2020. Did this mean moving to sustainable paper in tea bags and packaging or to sustainable ingredients sourced in very small amounts—such as chamomile—where there was currently no sustainable supply?If so, what was the best way to approach such moves? And more broadly, were there lessons in Lipton’s experience for the rest of Unilever’s agricultural supply chain and for the power of sustainability as a source of consumer differentiation? Unilever tC Unilever and Lipton Tea No In 2011 Unilever was one of the world’s leading consumer goods companies, selling everything from food products to personal care and home care goods. It was a company with a global reach, with sales coming from more than 180 countries, over half of which were in the developing world.Worldwide, over two billion consumers used Unilever products each day, and 2010 revenue was over â‚ ¬44 billion ($59 billiona). 2 Just over half of these sales came from foods and beverages, with 31 % of sales in personal care and 17% in home care (see Exhibit 2 for breakdown by segment). The company employed 167,000 people globally. Much of the company’s success was due to its portfolio of strong brands. The company had 12 brands with individual sales over â‚ ¬1 billion per annum, including such widely recognized products as L ipton, Dove, and Axe . DoThe company faced competition from a number of other large consumer goods companies , including Procter & Gamble, Nestle, and Colgate-Palmolive. (See Exhibits 3-5 for further comparison financial figures). a Using exchange rate of â‚ ¬1 = $1. 35 as of December 2, 2011. 2 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 712-438 rP os t Sustainable Tea at Unilever Unilever Tea Lipton Tea was the largest tea brand in the world with annual sales of approximately â‚ ¬3. billionb. Unilever’s tea portfolio contained a number of other strong regional brands such as PG tips in the United Kingdom (U. K. ), Lyons in Ireland, and various other brands in countries around the world, including India, Pakistan, Russia, and Poland. Lipton’s global market share was nearly three times that of its nearest rival, Tata Beverage s, the owners of Tetley Tea. Lipton teas were sold in over 130 countries, with particular popularity in Europe, North America, the Middle East, and parts of Asia.Growth in the developed world was in the order of 1%-2% a year, but the markets of the developing world—specifically India and China—were seen as particularly promising, with anticipated annual growth rates of close to 10%. op yo In 2010, Unilever sold nearly 350,000 tons of tea. Approximately 90% came from external suppliers, with the remainder coming from Unilever’s own estates in East Africa, including its flagship estate in Kericho, Kenya. Every market had a distinct taste in tea, making it to some extent reliant on supply from particular countries.For example, the North American market sourced much of its tea from Argentina, since its tea was particularly well suited for iced tea, which was popular in the U. S. The Global Tea Market tC Tea was the world’s most popular beverage after water. I n 2009, approximately 4 million tons of tea was produced in 46 countries, with China, India, Kenya, and Sri Lanka accounting for 70% of global production. 3 Kenya, where much of Lipton’s tea was produced, accounted for approximately 8% of global production,4 but was the world’s largest exporter of tea (see Exhibit 14 for a breakdown of global tea production). No Russia, the U. S. , and the U. K. were the biggest net importers of tea, accounting for nearly 30 % of global imports. 6 Tea was consumed for a variety of reasons and in a wide variety of blends. For example, Japan with its strong preference for green tea consumed approximately a fifth of all global green tea supply. Tea was an ingrained part of daily life in many countries for cultural and historical reasons. In other parts of the world, tea was becoming increasingly popular due to its perceived health benefits. 7Historically, global tea markets had suffered from over-supply. The resulting price pressure was e xacerbated by tea’s high degree of commoditization, low switching costs for consumers, and tea’s perishability, which meant prices were often cut drastically to clear stocks. 8 As seen in Exhibit 6, despite moderate gains in the price of tea since 2000, the price of tea in real terms in 2010 was still 35% lower than its peak in the mid-1980s. 9 Tea Production and its Consequences Do Tea production was a very labor-intensive activity.With a few regional exceptions, tea production occurred year-round, as the top two to three leaves of the plants were carefully hand- b This figure included some sales realized through the joint-venture with Pepsi on ready-to-drink products. These sales are not included Unilever’s total turnover. 3 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Sustainable Tea at Unilever rP os t 712-438 icked every 7 to 21 days, depending on the altitude and climate. 10 Tea plantsc could grow to a height of 30 feet or more, but were usually cropped at about 2 to 3 feet and then pruned regularly in order to make them easier to pick. 11 The leaves were plucked by hand and then processed immediately either on-site at the plantation or at a bought-leaf factory. 12 During processing, tea leaves were withered, macerated, oxidized, dried and sorted on site. The processed tea was then transported to a broker or auction, after which it was blended, sometimes flavored, and packaged.Finally, it entered the relevant retail sales channel before ending up with the consumer. op yo Inappropriately managed, tea production could raise a number of social and environmental concerns. The industry contained a mix of large-scale estates and smallholders, each with their own challenges. Over the years there had been reports of bad working conditions on poorly managed plantations that damaged worker health through ex posure to harmful pesticides and agrochemicals. In certain cases, the workforce included migrant laborers with no protection in case of illness, pregnancy or other factors. 3 They generally received low wages and were not always given medical care, housing, education or pensions. Further, in some cases independent trade unions, when they existed, had been accused of corruption or ineffectiveness. 14 tC For some smallholders who grew tea as a cash crop, tea production implied the conversion of tropical forests into agricultural land which could lead to reductions in local species diversity and to soil degradation. 15 However, for most farmers unsustainable practices were a result of focus on increasing yields and not acreage.Logging for the firewood needed to dry tea could lead to local deforestation, which could in turn led to problems in water retention. Some farms used excessive amounts of fertilizers and pesticides, which could negatively affect soil quality and pollute local soi ls and waterways. Years of commoditization had contributed to a downwards price spiral that put pressure on workers and the environment as farmers tried to safeguard their income. Unilever’s Commitment to Sustainable Tea No Unilever first established a set of good agriculture practice guidelines in 1998.The guidelines outlined sustainable farming practices for the suppliers of its major crops, including tea, palm oil and tomatoes, and included 10 key indicators of environmental, social, and economic performance, each with their own sub-parameters (see Exhibit 7b for more details). The guide was not imposed on external suppliers, but it was shared with them and with the broader public. This was the first move of this kind in the industry. Do In 2006, Michiel Leijnse began the process of transforming this internal commitmen t into a major consumer-facing initiative.He believed that many Western consumers had become sufficiently concerned about sustainability that it might help drive product differentiation. More importantly, he saw this as an opportunity to transform the entire tea industry , benefiting not only tea workers and the environment, but also purchasers of tea who were reliant on a healthy supply chain. Aware that such a transformation was not costless, Leijnse explained the initiative’s rationale: If we didn’t do something to transform the industry, at some point we just wouldn’t be able to get the quality and quantity of tea we need.While we might see market share gains in c There are two main varieties of the tea plant: China and Assam. The Assam variety, which is used in India and Kenya, is the most common. All varieties can and are used to produce green and black tea. There are many kinds of hybrids between the varieties, and other factors like soil, climate, altitude, picking time, and processing all affect t he flavor. 4 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 712-438 rP os tSustainable Tea at Unilever some markets, it won’t always be the case. It is a challenge to properly align the short -term and long-term interests of the brand. Tea Certification and the Rainforest Alliance op yo Leijnse and his team decided to pursue certification for the brand, and chose the Rainforest Alliance, a founding member and secretariat of the Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN), as its certification partner. There was significant overlap in both Unilever’s and Rainforest Alliance’s approach to sustainable agriculture practices, in that both focused on environmental, economic, and social factors.Further, the Rainforest Alliance focused on market-based premiums rather than fixed price supports (characteristic, for example, of FairTrade products) as the best way to create change. The Rainforest Alliance had some consumer recognition from previously su ccessful campaigns certifying a range of other commodities, including bananas, coffee, and cocoa but had no prior experience with tea certification or on the African continent, where Unilever had decades of experience from its tea estates. Unilever set ambitious targets for the implementation of Rainforest Alliance certification.By 2011, its initial target of having all Lipton Yellow Label and PG tips tea bags in Western Europe certified by 2010 had been successfully achieved. Lipton had committed to sourcing all the tea in Lipton tea bags from Rainforest Alliance-certified estates by 2015, approximately a third of all Unilever tea volume. And if Lipton were to meet the commitments of the Sustainable Living Plan, by 2020, 100% of Unilever’s tea would need to be sustainably sourced, although the Plan did not commit Unilever to using tea from Rainforest Alliance certified farms. tCThe certification process Rainforest Alliance certification evaluated farms according to 10 princi ples covering issues such as worker welfare, farm management, and environmental protection , each with its own criteria. 16 The Rainforest Alliance certified entire farms, so that in order for any of a farm’s crops to be certified, the entire production area for all crops had to meet the standards. In order to obtain and maintain certification, a farm had to be in compliance with at least 50% of the applicable criteria associated with each principle and with at least 80% of the total set of applicable criteria.Further, there were fifteen critical criteria which were mandatory for certification, regardless of overall compliance (see Exhibit 7a for information on certification standards). 17 Do No While independent farmers bore the costs of complying with the Rainforest Alliance standards (for each estate or group being certified covered, there was a certification cost of approximately â‚ ¬3,000 to â‚ ¬4,500, or $4,000 to $10,000, depending on farm size18), Unilever also incurred costs in choosing to buy certified tea. First, Unilever paid a premium for the tea. In 2011, this was approximately â‚ ¬0. 08 per kilogram of tea.In 2010, the average market price per kilogram of tea was â‚ ¬1. 69 ($2. 28). 19 In the market for certified coffee, price premiums of 15% had been seen. From 2011, Unilever had to pay the Rainforest Alliance a participation fee in order to carry the organization’s frog logo on its pack.. This fee was â‚ ¬0. 0089 ($0. 0125) per kilogram of tea. Unilever’s Procurement organization devoted six full-time equivalent people to work on the roll-out of global certification education and spent approximately â‚ ¬200,000 per year on the development and deployment of farmer training in conjunction with the Rainforest Alliance.Scaling Certification in the Supply Chain Unilever had to certify almost a quarter of its tea volumes to meet its 2010 goals. Given the lack of any pre-existing certified sources, Unilever and the Rainforest Alliance faced a significant challenge in developing large volumes of certified tea in a relatively short time period. To address this, 5 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Sustainable Tea at Unilever rP os t 712-438Unilever’s efforts initially focused on certifying Unilever’s own production in Kenya and Tanzania as well as some of its larger and better-managed tea suppliers. Achieving the firm’s 2015 and 2020 goals would require working further down the supply chain with smaller, less organized suppliers operating in a wide variety of different countries, each of whom had different agricultural practices, government support, and institutional capacity. Unilever had been successful in building a certified supply chain in East Africa. Could this be replicated across the entire supply chain?The Certific ation of Unilever’s Own Estates in East Africa op yo The Unilever estates in Kenya and Tanzania were the first sites to be certified. Unilever had actively worked to maximize long-term yields and to control costs ever since planting commenced on the 13,000 hectare estate20 in Kericho, Kenya, in 1928. For example, tea bush prunings were left on the field to rot, rather than being removed as waste or for use as firewood or cattle food, a practice that maximized soil fertility and water retention. The estate also carefully managed its fertilizer use.Fertilizer was not only expensive but also a potential threat to soil quality if mismanaged. On-site hydropower provided reliable electricity at one-third the cost of power bought from the Kenyan grid , and the tea was dried using wood sourced from fast-growing eucalyptus forests planted on the edge of the estate. In contrast to estates in Asia, Kericho made only minimal use of agrochemicals and other pesticides, both because of the favorable climate and also through appropriate management of the surrounding land which was home to natural predators of many pests. tCThe Kericho estate also invested in the health and well-being of its 16,000 employees and their dependents. The employees, who were paid a fixed sum per kilo of tea plucked, typically earned twoand-a-half times more than the local agricultural minimum wage. In addition, Unilever provided them with free access to company housing and health care, including the company’s hospital and pharmacies and the employees’ children were educated in company-owned schools. 21 The company had recently invested â‚ ¬1. 2 million to update many of these facilities. No The Kericho estate achieved some of the highest yields in the world , with annual yields of 3. to 4 tons per hectare, compared to an average of 2 to 3 tons per hectare in India. At the Unilever estate in Tanzania, which followed similar practices, the yields were 3 tons per hectare compar ed to less than 2 tons per hectare in the rest of the country. â€Å"The sustainability work we did at Kericho made good agricultural sense, and in the long run it also made good financial sense,† explained Richard Fairburn, former managing director of Unilever Tea East Africa. â€Å"We understand that this is simply the way the industry needs to operate in order to survive and thrive. To further increase the supply of certified tea, Unilever identified a priority list of its larger suppliers in Africa, Argentina and Indonesia. Many of these estates were already professionally managed and were certified following adjustments to existing practices using available tools. 22 Working Down the Supply Chain Do Initial success with small-hold farmers in East Africa Certifying the 500,000 Kenyan smallholders from which Unilever purchased tea was a critical component of the Rainforest Alliance roll-out since East Africa alone accounted for nearly one third of Unilever’s total tea requirement.Fortunately, Unilever was able to work with the Kenyan Tea Development Agency (KTDA) and with the IDH, the Dutch Sustainable Trade Initiative, to design a program that â€Å"trained the trainers† and led to the rapid diffusion of sustainable farming practices across the country. 6 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 712-438 rP os t Sustainable Tea at UnileverThe KTDA was a highly respected farmer’s cooperative covering 62% of all Kenyan prod uction through 59 factories. Its goal was to help local farmers receive better prices as well as to provide training and other extension services. In 2011, Unilever bought approximately 40% of KTDA’s production. 23 Unilever worked with the Kenyan Tea Development Agency (KTDA) and the Rainforest Alliance to educate the locally-elected lead farmers who did the bulk of the smallholder training. Each factory elected 30 to 40 lead farmers, each of whom received approximately three days training.Most of the training costs were covered by international donors like IDH but it was expected that the KTDA would ultimately take over this responsibility, estimated to be about â‚ ¬1 to â‚ ¬2 ($1 to $3) per tea farmer. 24 op yo Each lead farmer was expected to train approximately 300 other farmers through group and individual training, with the focus of the training being hands-on demonstration of sustainable agricultural practices. The meetings could also be used as a way to increase awareness of the potential price premiums paid for Rainforest Alliance certified tea.The certification criteria were broken down into actionable activities that could be easily communicated and the Rainforest Alliance helped develop simple posters and check lists that the lead farmers coul d distribute (see Exhibit 9 for an example). The process was designed to be very participatory, and further technical support was provided by the KTDA’s extension officers, who also received training. 25 Certification was organized at the factory level. For the external audit, the Rainforest Alliance or an authorized third party checked compliance with a sample of farmers at random.Prior to this, each farmer was also internally audited by a lead farmer, but never by the same lead farmer who trained them. Lead farmers received some modest financial support in the first year to cover the costs associated with their efforts. tC Most of the changes asked of farmers did not require huge changes in practice or much investment. For example, getting farmers to leave their pruning in the field (to improve soil quality) rather than removing them for use as firewood required persuading farmers to plant trees for fuel. Tree seeds were very cheap and Unilever subsidized the cost.Farmers were also encouraged to make compost from organic waste rather than burning it, as well as making better use of waste and washing water. No Some changes were expensive. For example, the Rainforest Alliance standards required the use of personal protective equipment for the spraying of (approved) pesticides. This could cost up to $30, half a month’s salary for a smallholder 26. However, the KTDA set up its own micro-credit scheme to assist farmers with these kinds of purchases, and in some places, the local smallholders had pooled money to buy a single set which was shared. 7 A pilot study done by Unilever in 2004 showed that total net investments were less than 1% of total cash farm income for the first year. Do Many of the farms saw yield gains of 5%-15% from the implementation of more sustainable practices, improvements in the quality of the tea, and reductions in operating costs as well as higher prices for their tea. Average income increased by an estimated 10%-15% and Unilever also felt that sustainable practices would help farmers better adapt to the climatic changes, like abnormal rainfall patterns, that many locals were already witnessing. 8 But according to Richard Fairburn, the most salient benefit to farmers was in their personal empowerment: â€Å"The Kenyan smallholders are ultimately interested in creating a farm in good health that can be passed on to future generations. That was the ’sustainability’ that resonated with them. † By 2011 the Rainforest Alliance had successfully certified over one-third of the smallholder farmers in Kenya, and Unilever was confident that eventually all Kenyan smallholders would gain certification.One encouraging sign was that some of the first groups to become certified had since 7 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Sustainable Tea at Unilever rP os t 712-438 independently renewed their certification. 29 Whether this mode l could be rolled out to other tea growing regions like Turkey and India was, of course, still in question. Marketing the Sustainable Message to Consumers op yoWhile Unilever’s procurement organization took the lead on sustainable sourcing, Leijnse’s major task was to explore whether and how the company’s commitment could be translated into increased sales or market share. This effort was complicated by the fact that Unilever had a portfolio of tea brands, each with its own distinct brand proposition. Leijnse had responsibility for Lipton, the largest of the brands, but he needed to work closely with his fellow brand managers across the category to frame appropriate messages and to communicate them well.His research suggested that an increasing number of consumers were interested in a brand’s ethical position and that credible action could change consumer preferences, but no one believed that any of Unilever’s tea brands should become â€Å"greenà ¢â‚¬  brands. â€Å"Certification was never approached as green marketing, but rather as a new marketing message for consumers,† explained one manager involved with the U. K. campaign. â€Å"Consumers aren’t choosing our product because it’s green, but because this new message was aligned with their expectations for our brand. †Retailers were very supportive of the certified tea —some even demanded it—since the product was well aligned with the retailers’ own sustainability initiatives for their businesses and supply chains. Despite this, none of the brand managers wanted to charge a premium for sustainable tea. Instead they hoped to use certification to boost brand equity and, possibly, market share. The Early Successes of the Rainforest Alliance Initiative tC Rainforest Alliance certification was launched with full-scale marketing campaigns for all of Unilever’s biggest Western European and Australian tea brands, including L ipton Yellow Label, PG tips, and Lyons.In some markets the campaigns met with significant success. In others, however, the impact was much more limited. No The PG tips success The U. K. market was a large and important one for Unilever , representing just under 10% of the firm’s tea production. The almost â‚ ¬990 milliond (? 850 million) market was dominated by two major brands, PG tips and its rival Tetley Tea, who each had roughly a quarter of the market. 30 PG tips was a classic black tea blend, with few line extensions. The U. K. was broadly seen as a progressive country when it came to environmental policies .However, while Unilever’s research suggested that the mass-market consumer was aware and concerned about â€Å"sustainability issues,† broadly defined, they were not interested in paying more for green products. The PG tips brand was a mass-market, working class brand that held a place in the everyday lives of it consumers, who were in general middl e-aged and middle-income. The brand proposition was one of sociability, family, and light-heartedness. This was captured in its ad campaigns which were infused with off-beat British humor. Do In 2008, PG tips was the only brand on the market proposing any sustainability differentiation.The marketing team treated the initiative as a major brand innovation and devoted the entire â‚ ¬12 million (? 10 million) marketing spend in the launch year 2008 to promoting the efforts. Previous U. K. experience found that it took 12 to 18 months to address mental barriers and fully land a message with consumers. The challenge for the PG tips team was to find a message that would resonate with d Using exchange rate of â‚ ¬1 = ? 0. 86 as of December 2, 2011 8 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011.Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 712-438 rP os t Sustainable Tea at Unilever its core co nsumers while maintaining consistency with the brand’s core proposition. â€Å"It was a huge challenge,† explained Neil Gledhill of the PG tips campaign. â€Å"We had to talk to mainstream consumers in a way that explained a complex topic without preaching, all in a languag e aligned with the brand. † op yo The chosen message, â€Å"do your bit: put the kettle on,† emphasized the positive action that consumers could take by drinking PG tips.The campaign tried to keep the light-hearted spirit of the brand’s previous campaigns and used its well-established characters: a talking monkey called Monkey and a working class man named Al. In one of the ads, for example, Monkey, presenting a slide show in the kitchen, explained to Al what certification meant, and how easy it was for him to do the right thing (see Exhibit 11). The campaign used TV and print, as well as a short movie that was shown as a preview in cinemas and ultimately included as a DVD in sp ecial promotion packs along with a tea towel.Packaging was also changed to include the certification seal and a description of the alliance. Prior to the campaign, PG tips and Tetley Tea were battling hard for the top spot in the British market. However, following the campaign, PG tips developed a significant lead in market share, with its market share increasing by 1. 8 points, while Tetley remained relatively flat ; and the purchase repeat rate increased from 44% to 49%. Sales of PG tips increased by 6%. Surveys suggested that there had been a steady increase in the perception of PG tips as an ethical brand following the launch of the campaign. No tC Project Sunshine†: the Australian success Like the U. K. , Australia was a relatively straight-forward tea market with only a handful of available products, and most sales in black tea. Prior to the launch of the campaign in 2009, the Lipton brand held nearly a quarter of the â‚ ¬260 millione (A$345 million) market. Unileverà ¢â‚¬â„¢s other brand, Bushell’s, had an approximately 13 % share of the market. The local team chose the phrase â€Å"Make a Better Choice with Lipton, the world’s first Rainforest Alliance Certified tea†, and because of the relatively small portfolio, it was implemented across the majority of the products.They felt that it was aligned with the existing brand vision, which had been â€Å"Drink Better, Live Better†, an attempt to increase the perceptions of quality and health benefits of the Lipton brand. The â‚ ¬1. 1 million (A$1. 4 million) campaign covered television, print, and public relations. Unilever also supported the initiative with in-store promotions. Packaging was changed to include the Rainforest Alliance seal on the front of the pack, with further explanation of the initiative and its benefits placed on the back and sides.Customers were not charged a premium for certified tea since surveys had found that higher prices were a perceived bar rier to sustainable consumption. Relative to the same test period the year before the campaign, sales were up 11 % and Lipton’s market share rose by 158 basis points from 24. 2 % to 25. 8%. Average purchase value per occasion rose from â‚ ¬3. 11 to â‚ ¬3. 23 (A$4. 10 to A$4. 25). The only area where the Lipton brand did not improve was on perceptions of quality, which decreased slightly during the campaign. Do Full activation in Italy The Italian tea market was estimated to be approximately â‚ ¬285 million in 2010.Unilever had an approximately 12% share. 31 The Italian marketing team supported the certification with a â‚ ¬3 million mixed campaign of television, press, online, public relations, in-store promotions, and packaging updates. The message chosen was â€Å"your small cup can make a big difference†. Following the first year of the campaign in 2008, Lipton saw s ales of its Yellow Label brand increase by 10. 5% and market share increase by over 2 ful l percentage points. It also witnessed an increase in its buyer base, which came mostly from younger and more upmarket consumers. The Using exchange rate of â‚ ¬1 = A$1. 31 as of December 2, 2011 9 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Sustainable Tea at Unilever rP os t 712-438 team continued to support the campaign with in store promotion in 2009 and a web and editorial partnership with Italy’s National Geographic magazine in 2010, all of which cost â‚ ¬250,000. The French market disappointment In 2010, Lipton had a 37% market share in the â‚ ¬430 million French teaLipton’s main competition came from retailers’ private label brands, which accounted for 30%-40% of sales. In France, Unilever’s portfolio was more diversified: Lipton sold over 40 different tea products. Whereas in the UK and Australia Uni lever had been able to carry the certification message on the majority of its products, in France it was initially only linked to the Lipton Yellow Label black tea product, representing only about a fifth of sales. market. 32 op yo The first wave of the campaign in France relied heavily on a significant public relations effort to educate consumers and customers (i. . , the retailers) to inform them of Lipton’s certification efforts. The team focused on engaging key opinion leaders and journalists with press releases, media and press conferences, and trips to the Kericho estate in Kenya. The brand’s efforts were widely covered in the press and the team felt that they had made significant inroads attracting attention. Print ads with the message â€Å"your tea can make a difference† were placed in travel and cooking magazines and were primarily focused towards current consumers, who tended to be female and over the age of 50.The team’s research had suggested that French consumers were less likely to buy with a Rainforest Alliance seal on the box. This reluctance appeared to reflect a dislike of packaging change rather than any lack of concern for environmental issues, but as a result the team chose a staggered approach to package change, whereby certification was initially only announced on the inside of packs, before being added to the back of packs. Only in 2010 did the seal start to appear on the front of packs. This made it harder for consumers to link advertising support to the product they were seeing on shelves.No tC The campaign received TV support in 2009 and 2010 as well as an online competition , where the winners won a trip to Kenya, intended to engage consumers and bloggers. The limited television advertisements ran Q4 2009 and Q1 2010 and contained scenes of sustainable farms in Africa, as well as information about the Rainforest Alliance (see Exhibit 11). In total, only 10% of the team’s marketing spend went towar ds supporting the Rainforest Alliance message, with the remainder going towards more conventional promotion and support of other innovations.Lipton market share remained flat and awareness of the brand did not increase. Further, the campaign was not successful in linking Lipton to Rainforest Alliance, and Lipton was not seen as more ethical than other tea brands. Do The United States experience The U. S. tea market was an almost â‚ ¬1. 5 billion ($2 billion) market in 2010. 33 Unilever’s U. S. campaign was launched in the summer of 2009 with a particular focus on the brand’s green tea line, where Lipton was second in the market. The mainstream black tea range was not linked to the Rainforest Alliance initiative.Company research had shown that 80% of U. S. consumers wanted to buy eco-ethical brands, although without sacrificing on cost or quality. Only 5% were willing to pay a premium. The message used was â€Å"Your Small Cup Can Make a Big Difference,† altho ugh Unilever also had other messaging for its ready-to-drink beverage line running concurrently. To generate credibility, Unilever allowed National Geographic to create independent TV, print, and online content about the certification, which was published between June and September of 2009.The campaign was also supported by a sponsored trip to the Kericho estate for three online bloggers and journalists, as well as advertising in online and social media. The packaging was changed to include the Rainforest Alliance seal on the front of the pack and information about certification on the pack side and flap. A retail partnership with Walmart and Sam’s Club provided information and positive images at the point of purchase, which helped 10 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. du or 617. 783. 7860. 712-438 rP os t Sustainable Tea at Unilever reinforce percepti ons of health and quality benefits (see Exhibit 13). Analyses done by the marketing team indicated a strong ROI for the â‚ ¬740,000 ($1 million) dollar campaign; however given the size of the business, the investment was relatively small. Unilever did not see any significant effect on overall market share for Lipton or the Rainforest Alliance certified -green tea. Challenges Going Forward op yo A few years after the launch of the certification scheme many of Unilever’s major competitors responded with their own certification programs.Tetley, Twinings, and Yorkshire Tea all made arrangements for some or all of their tea suppliers to obtain Rainforest Alliance certification, while Pickwick and Carmien Tea opted to use UTZ, a certification scheme originating in The Netherlands. Yorkshire Tea announced a goal of selling 100% Rainforest Alliance certified tea by 2015 . 34 Twinings had goals of 100% certification by 2015 for its Everyday brand tea. 35 Tata’s Tetley Tea vo wed to have 100% of its branded tea certified by 2016, a year after Lipton. 6 The surge in demand placed pressure on the Rainforest Alliance, who expected to be certifying close to 20 %-25% of the world’s tea supply by 2015. 37 The Emerging Market Challenge tC With competitors committing to third party certification, sustainable tea at Unilever faced a number of challenges going forward. On the supply side the company had to improve farming practices in some very difficult markets in order to meet the company’s targets. On the marketing side, Leijnse and his colleagues had to decide how to proceed in emerging markets. Could consumers in countries like Turkey, Russia or India be persuaded to value certified tea?If so, how? And how could Lipton maintain a point of difference in countries where competitor brands had followed suit? Reaching 100% Sustainable Sourcing No In 2011, Unilever sourced approximately 25% of its global tea requirement from India; most of it was cons umed domestically. Some Indian tea growers had already achieved Rainforest Alliance certification, but they were generally exporters and Unilever purchased a significant share of their production. Converting smaller domestic producers to sustainable practices presented (at least) two tricky challenges.First, developing an organizational model that could handle training and roll out seemed likely to be difficult. A large proportion of India’s tea was grown by smallholders who sold to local tea factories. However, in contrast to the situation in Kenya, there were no government sponsored tea-cooperatives, and farmers were free to sell to any factory. Some factories did provide extension services and training for their farms, but the quality of these services varied dramatically. Do Second, farming practices in India were in conflict with the Rainforest Alliance over two main issues, child labor and pesticide use.The standards did not permit certified farms to employ anyone under the age of 15, but Indian law and the United Nation’s International Labor Organization permitted the employment of 14 year olds in developing countries. Moreover in India the pesticide paraquat was widely used in tea production. It was quick and effective but it was also highly toxic when ingested or absorbed without protective equipment 38 and it was implicated in many suicides in the developing world due to its low cost, potency, and widespread availability. Paraquat was banned by the European Union but allowed under restricted use in the U.S. 39 Rainforest Alliance standards did not permit its use, and as paraquat use was one of the critical criteria; exceptions could not be made by country. 40 11 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Sustainable Tea at Unilever rP os t 712-438 Unilever could potentially address these issues by introducing an alternative standard tailored to India’s local practices. This standard could act as a stepping stone towards future certification.Unilever would almost certainly need partners to transform Indian tea growing. One option was to work with local NGOs, as they had in Kenya, but another was to consider working with industry wide initiatives. Marketing in India and Other Emerging Markets op yo Getting the messaging right in India would be another important challenge. Tea was the traditional hot beverage of India and the market was estimated to be â‚ ¬1 billionf (RS 64. 6 billion) in size, with Unilever the market leader with a share around 30%. Demand for tea was robust, with the market growing an estimated 12% per annum by value and 3% per annum by volume from 2005 to 2010.The demand for tea had actually outstripped the growth in national tea production, resulting in tea price increases in 2010. 41 Approximately two-thirds of the market, by volume, was sold as u nbranded loose black tea (in bulk). Only one-third of the market was branded tea, which was almost exclusively loose black tea in packets. Tea bags represented less than 2% of the market, but were a growing segment. G reen tea was another high-growth category, particularly in urban areas, because of its perceived health benefits. 2 Almost three-quarters of all tea was still sold through independent small grocers, but supermarkets and hypermarkets had begun to slowly increase their share as rising incomes began to shift consumer buying behavior. Branded coffee shop chains had also become popular, particularly with young Indian consumers, who increasingly viewed tea as an old-fashioned beverage. 43 tC Unilever’s Indian subsidiary, Hindustan Unilever, sold mostly through two major brands, Brooke Bond and Lipton, who had market shares of 19 and 6% respectively in the branded tea market.Its main competitor was Tata Global Beverages who had a market share of 26%, mostly under its T ata Tea brand, which had almost 20% of the market by retail value. 44 But Unilever also faced competition from regional tea companies who took pride in tailoring their blends and preparation methods according to local preferences and who often competed aggressively on price. No Under the Sustainable Living Plan umbrella, Hindustan Unilever had begun to introduce products designed to improve the quality of life of India’s poorest consumers, including new, highly effective hand soaps and a range of water purifiers.The company had also been marketing Surf Excel, a concentrated laundry detergent, which required up to two fewer buckets of water for washing than competing products. 45 The company believed that if the environmental issue was tangible and had an immediate local impact, awareness and appreciation of the issue was generally high. But it was less clear if Unilever could communicate the comparatively distant benefits of sustainable tea farming. Do Michiel Leijnse wondere d whether the company’s recent experience in Turkey could provide any lessons.In Turkey, the tea growing industry played a promine nt role in national cultural identity, and the Turkish team had chosen a message that suggested certified tea offered national benefits, highlighting gains to domestic producers, as well as to the country’s tea crops (see Exhibit 8). Should something similar be attempted in India? He also had to consider how tea could be marketed in emerging markets where there was no tea growing base. One such example was Russia, where Unilever had a 16% share of the almost â‚ ¬3 f Using exchange rate of â‚ ¬1 = RS 69. 6 as of December 2, 2011 12This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 712-438 rP os t Sustainable Tea at Unilever billiong (RUB 115 billion) market in 2010. Tea was a traditional Russian drink con sumed by almost everyone. 46 The market was led by a domestic tea manufacturer, and while volume growth had been limited, sales in the market had been growing at close to 15% since 2005, as consumers switched to more expensive varieties of tea and as the major Russian brands continued to expand the range of their offerings. 7 Could Unilever’s sustainable tea platform serve as the basis for product differentiation that would drive growth and market share in Russia? Or should Unilever forego any promotion of sustainability and instead focus on other ways of competing in the Russian market? Concluding Thoughts op yo With the launch of Rainforest Alliance certification in 200 7, Unilever had started the transformation of the tea industry and improved the lives of hundreds of thousands of farmers. It had also demonstrated that in certain markets certification could increase market share.However, with most major tea manufacturers implementing aggressive certification targets of the ir o wn, it appeared that sustainability might, at least in Western markets, become increasingly more a cost of doing business and less a source of competitive advantage. Unilever needed to decide not only how to ensure that 100% of its supply chain could be sustainably sourced, but also how that message could be communicated in a diverse group of emerging markets. Michiel Leijnse also needed to decide how far he could push sustainability in the brand.If Unilever were to reach its targets under the Sustainable Living Plan, all agricultural raw materials would eventually need to be sustainably sourced, including the paper and board used for the tea packaging and tea bags (see Exhibit 10). Could this be communicated to consumers in a useful way? Do No tC Looking across Unilever, Leijnse wondered if his experiences in tea had anything to contribute to marketing managers grappling with the potential benefits of 100% sustainable sourcing.From a marketing perspective, tea and the Lipton b rand had been an obvious choice to st art talking about sustainability given the tight link between the raw material and the end product. The same could not be said for many of the other raw materials that Unilever purchased. For example , Unilever was the world’s largest buyer of sustainable palm oil and it had committed to ensuring that all its purchases came from sustainable sources by 2015. Consumers did not ultimately buy sustainable palm oil, but rather products such as soap and edible fats that used it as one among many ingredients.Unilever was uncertain whether to create awareness of its efforts among consumers. Moreover, Leijnse had experienced increased attention and criticism from activists since launching the Rainforest Alliance partnership; would the Sustainable Living Plan potentially make Unilever a bigger target for scrutiny? Were there any lessons that could be learned from Lipton? g Using exchange rate of â‚ ¬1 = RUB 41. 4 as of December 2, 2011 13 This d ocument is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Exhibit 1Sustainable Tea at Unilever rP os t 712-438 Unilever Income Statements, 2006-2010 (â‚ ¬ Millions) 2010 44,256 37,637 6,619 15. 0% -992. 86 6,338 14. 3% 206. 97 -413. 94 6,131 1,534 4,597 2008 40,519 21,340 19,179 47. 3% 12,012. 79 1,002. 90 7,166 17. 7% 361. 96 -399. 96 7,128 1,844 5,284 2007 40,116 20,522 19,594 48. 8% 13,790. 41 941. 28 5,235 13. 1% 646. 66 -5,175 1,126 4,049 2006 39,647 20,095 19,551 49. 3% 13,900. 57 982. 07 5,408 13. 6% 181. 87 -4,832 1,146 3,686 3,370 -3,370 3,370 8. 5% 5,284 0 5,284 5,026 12. 4% 3,801 80 3,881 3,881 9. 7% 3,415 1,330 4,745 4,745 12. 0% 1. 46 1. 46 1. 46 0. 86 1. 17 1. 17 1. 17 0. 69 1. 3 1. 73 1. 73 0. 69 5. 12 5. 24 5. 24 0. 72 4. 6 6. 4 6. 4 0. 45 op yo 2009 39,821 33,933 5,888 14. 8% -1,031. 94 5,020 12. 6% 324. 98 -428. 98 4,916 1,257 3,659 4,243 -4,24 3 4,243 9. 6% Revenue Cost of Goods Sold Gross Profit Gross Profit Margin SG&A Expense Depreciation & Amortization Operating Income Operating Margin Non-operating Income Non-operating Expenses Income Before Taxes Income Taxes Net Income After Taxes Continuing Operations Discontinued Operations Total Operations Total Net Income Net Profit Margin tC Diluted EPS from Continuing Operations Diluted EPS from Total Operations Diluted EPS from Total Net IncomeDividends Per Share Source: Unilever income statements, via Hoover’s Inc. , www. hoovers. com, accessed November 2011. Exhibit 2 Revenue and Operating Income by Divisiona, 2010 (â‚ ¬ Millions) Ice Cream & Beverages Personal Care Home Care Total 14,164 11,318 2,846 20. 1% 8,605 7,881 724 8. 4% 13,767 11,471 2,296 16. 7% 7,726 7,253 473 6. 1% 44,262 37,923 6,339 14. 3% No Savory, Dressing, & Spreads Revenue Operating Expenses Operating Income Operating Margin Source: Company documents. a Some of Unilever’s other brands i nclude Hellman’s, Knorr, Becel, Heartbrand Icecream, Breyers, Axe, Dove, Vaseline, Omo,Do and Surf. 14 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. L'Oreal Reckitt P Danone Nestle Colgate Unilever Revenue Growth by Company (%) CAGR, 1980-2009 9. 4% 8. 5% 6. 9% 6. 0% 5. 2% 3. 8% 3. 5% Source: Company documents. Exhibit 4 Nestle Reckitt L'Oreal Danone Colgate P&G Unilever CAGR, 1980-2009 18. 6% 16. 9% 16. 6% 14. 0% 12. 6% 12. 4% 10. 2% 2000’s 3. 6% 10. 6% 7. 8% 0. 5% 3. 1% 6. 1% -2. 0% tC 1980-1989 37. 5% 24. 2% 23. 4% 31. 1% 16. 0% 17. 1% 1. 5% 1990-1999 21. 7% 7. 6% 34. 7% 10. 3% 23. 0% 17. 7% 10. 6% 2000-2009 3. 4% 16. 1% -3. 1% 2. 4% 0. 9% 6. 6% -3. 4% EBIT Margins by Company (%) 1980 11. 0% 10. 5% 9. 3% 8. 4% 7. 9% 6. 8% 5. 7% No L'Oreal P Reckitt Nestle Colgate Danone Unilever 1990’s 9. 8% 5. 9% 4. 8% 5. 7% 5. 4% 5. 4% 2. 5% Enterprise Value Growth by Company (%) Source: Company documents. Exhibit 5 1980’s 13. 7% 8. 9% 8. 3% 11. 5% 7. 8% -0. 2% 8. 1% op yo Exhibit 3 712-438 rP os t Sustainable Tea at Unilever 2009 14. 2% 20. 5% 25. 2% 14. 6% 24. 0% 16. 4% 14. 8% Margin growth (bps) 326 999 1591 621 1610 963 912 DoSource: Company documents. 15 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Global Average Tea Pricesa, 1960-2010 (US cents per kilogram) op yo Exhibit 6 Sustainable Tea at Unilever rP os t 712-438 World databank, tC Source: Adapted from World Bank data, Global Economic Monitor (GEM) Commodities, http://databank. worldbank. org/ddp/home. do? Step=1=4, accessed November 2011. Do No a Base year is 2000. Prices are averages of Colombo, Kokata, and Mombasa auctions. 16This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copyin g or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Exhibit 7a Ten Core Principles of Sustainable Agriculture Network Social and Environmental Management System Ecosystem Conservation Wildlife Protection Water Conservation Fair Treatment and Good Working Conditions for Workers Occupational Health and Safety Community Relations Integrated Crop Management Soil Management and Conservation Integrated Waste Management op yo 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 712-438 rP os t Sustainable Tea at UnileverSource: Sustainable Agriculture Network, â€Å"Our Standards : SAN Principles,† Sustainable Agriculture Network website, http://sanstandards. org/sitio/subsections/display/7, accessed December 2011. Exhibit 7b Company documents. Do No Source: Agrochemicals and fuels Soils Water Biodiversity Energy Waste Social and human capital Animal welfare Value chain & local economy Training tC 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Ten Indicators of Unilever Sus tainable Agric ulture Code 17 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 83. 7860. Exhibit 8 Sustainable Tea at Unilever Rainforest Alliance Messaging in Turkey rP os t 712-438 tC op yo â€Å"As Lipton, Turkey's expert tea brand and responsible tea producer, we want to ensure that our tea will be passed on to our children and future generations. To this end, we are taking the first steps in our ‘Sustainable Tea Farming Project’ by combining our expertise with the passion of the tea growers in Black Sea Region. Our goal is to enhance existing agricultural practices and to generalize the use of those that conserve the ecological balance by raising awareness among more than 15,000 tea growers in the egion about the tea planting and harvesting. We are committed to accomplish this goal in a way that will enable to gain Rainforest Alliance Certifi edâ„ ¢ status for our farmers. Remember that you support our farmers with every cup of Lipton tea you drink. † Do No Source: Company documents. 18 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Educational Poster for Smallholders in East Africa Do No tC op yo Exhibit 9 712-438 rP os t Sustainable Tea at Unilever Source: Company documents (via Rainforest Alliance). 9 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Sustainable Tea at Unilever Unilever Agricultural Raw Materials by Volume, 2010 Do No tC Source: Company documents. op yo Exhibit 10 rP os t 712-438 20 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  prote cted] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Exhibit 11 712-438 Examples of Rainforest Alliance Advertising tC op yo PG tips (U. K. ): rP os tSustainable Tea at Unilever Do No Lipton (France): Source: Company documents. 21 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. -22- tC No Source: Company documents. Exhibit 12 Do Unilever Sustainable Living Plan Targets op yo rP os t 712-438 This document is authorized for use only by LINDA KELLY-HAYES until June 2011. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Examples of U. S. In-Store Promotions Exhibit 14 Global Tea Production, 2009 (Tons)